Table 1.
Participants’ demographics and clinical characteristics.
| YG (n = 16), n (%) | CG (n = 18) n (%) | t or χ2 | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD) | 48.63 (8.77) [range:37–63] | 45.78 (9.25) [range:36–63] | t = −0.918 | 0.366 |
| Education level | χ2 = 2.242 | 0.131 | ||
| Primary or below | 0 | 0 | ||
| Secondary | 4 (25) | 9 (50) | ||
| Tertiary | 12 (75) | 9 (50) | ||
| Living status | χ2 = 3.702 | 0.094 | ||
| alone | 3 (18.8) | 0 | ||
| family | 13 (81.3) | 18 (100) | ||
| Employment status | χ2 = 0.410 | 0.980 | ||
| Full-time | 10 (62.5) | 11 (61.1) | ||
| Part-time | 2 (12.5) | 2 (11.1) | ||
| Others (i.e., housewife) | 4 (25) | 5 (27.8) | ||
| Marital status | χ2 = 0.283 | 0.868 | ||
| Single | 4 (25) | 6 (33.3) | ||
| Married | 11 (68.8) | 11 (61.1) | ||
| Divorced | 1 (6.3) | 3 (5.6) | ||
| Widowed | 0 | 0 | ||
| Hand Dominance | χ2 = 1.889 | 0.487 | ||
| Right | 16 (100) | 16 (88.9) | ||
| Left | 0 | 2 (11.1) | ||
| Cancer stage | χ2 = 0.360 | 0.835 | ||
| I | 4 (25) | 5 (27.8) | ||
| II | 8 (50) | 10 (55.6) | ||
| III | 4 (25) | 3 (16.7) | ||
| Duration of cancer diagnosis (months), mean (SD) | 18.22 (9.07) [Range: 3.5–44] | 22.58 (9.51) [Range: 5–38] | t = 1.365 | 0.182 |
| Post-surgery duration (months), mean (SD) | 16.75 (9.44) [Range: 3–43] | 22.08 (9.55) [Range: 4.5–37.5] | t = 1.634 | 0.112 |
| Post-chemotherapy/radiotherapy duration (months), mean (SD) | 12.72 (9.49) [Range: 2.5–39] | 16.75 (10.75) [Range: 2.5–37] | t = 1.153 | 0.258 |
| Surgery-mastectomy | χ2 = 0.472 | 0.732 | ||
| Mastectomy | 9 (56.3) | 8 (44.4) | ||
| Partial mastectomy | 7 (43.8) | 10 (55.6) | ||
| Surgery-lymph node | χ2 = 4.386 | 0.112 | ||
| none | 1 (6.3) | 5 (27.8) | ||
| Sentinel node dissection | 7 (43.8) | 3 (16.7) | ||
| Lymph node dissection | 8 (50) | 10 (55.6) | ||
| Adjuvant treatments | ||||
| Chemotherapy | 11 (68.8) | 17 (81.3) | χ2 = 3.848 | 0.078 |
| Radiotherapy | 14 (87.5) | 13 (72.2) | χ2 = 1.209 | 0.405 |
| Hormonal therapy | 6 (37.5) | 6 (33.5) | χ2 = 0.064 | 1.000 |
| Affected side | χ2 = 2.902 | 0.234 | ||
| Right | 5 (43.8) | 9 (50) | ||
| Left | 7 (31.3) | 8 (44.4) | ||
| Both | 4 (25) | 1 (5.6) |
t, independent-sample t-test; χ2, chi-squared test; YG, yoga intervention group; CG, control group.