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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Sep 9.
Published in final edited form as: Environ Toxicol Chem. 2020 Jan;39(1):48–59. doi: 10.1002/etc.4558

Figure 1 –

Figure 1 –

Timeline of research advances for metal bioavailability and incorporation of those approaches into U.S. EPA Water Quality Criteria. FIAM = Free Ion Activity Model; GSIM = Gill Surface Interaction Model; BLM = Biotic Ligand Model; MLR = Multiple Linear Regression.