Fig. 8.

Insecticidal activity of Pseudomonas strains enriched on willows. A Mortality curves of P. versicolora in response to different isolated Pseudomonas strains. Kaplan–Meier survival curves of P. versicolora larvae (n = 30) after feeding with Pseudomonas-painted willow leaves. Feeding of PBS-painted willow leaves was used as negative control (CK). P. chlororaphis PcS1-2 or PcR3-3 that showed insecticidal activity toward P. versicolora was used as positive control. The survival curves were analyzed by the log-rank test. B Leaf area consumed by first-instar P. versicolora larvae in A. C Representative photographs of a bioassay with detached leaves from healthy willows painted with different isolated Pseudomonas. Leaves were fed to first-instar P. versicolora larvae and replaced with fresh young leaves daily. The photographs were taken after 3 days of feeding