Table 2.

Gck knockout mouse models

KO models	Clinical phenotypes	References
Gck KO mouse models	Embryos die at day 9.5	[96]
	Mice develop hyperglycemia after the second day of birth and die within the first week	[155, 164]
	Mouse survive for 5 weeks after birth	[155]
KO model of pancreatic GCK	Die a few days after birth due to severe diabetes	[117]
KO model of hepatic GCK	Mild hyperglycemia with defect in the synthesis of glycogen	[117]
Heterozygous deficiency of global or pancreatic GCK	Moderate hyperglycemia	[117, 164]
Heterozygous deficiency of hepatic GCK	In the liver, decrease in the mRNA level of insulin receptor and Glut2 expression In the pancreas, there is a large amount of glucagon secreted from α-cells In muscles, hexokinase II (HKII) is decreased while there is no obvious change in adipocyte tissue	[52]