Table 1. Resilience, self-compassion, and shame across various family characteristics and leisure activities.
(1)Independent samples t-test
| Questionnaire item (yes/no) | Resilience | Self-compassion | Experiential (internal) shame | Other as shamer (social) | |||||||||
| Yes | No | p(1) | Yes | No | p(1) | Yes | No | p(1) | Yes | No | p(1) | ||
| Old age is difficult (186/18) | 60 (19.3) | 68.9 (17.4) | 0.061 | 3.13 (0.39) | 3.38 (0.41) | 0.009 | 50.4 (16.6) | 48.8 (16.2) | 0.702 | 18.1 (13.1) | 20.1 (11.9) | 0.529 | |
| Family | |||||||||||||
| Siblings (184/18) | 61.3 (18.0) | 53.0 (28.1) | 0.234 | 3.17 (0.4) | 2.93 (0.42) | 0.011 | 50.0 (16.2) | 55.2 (19.3) | 0.197 | 18.0 (12.2) | 22.6 (19.5) | 0.329 | |
| Children (190/14) | 61.3 (18.9) | 54.1 (23.3) | 0.182 | 3.16 (0.4) | 2.97 (0.40) | 0.082 | 49.8 (16.1) | 55.6 (22.3) | 0.211 | 17.8 (12.3) | 25.8 (19.1) | 0.141 | |
| Have a daughter (148/56) | 61.9 (18.5) | 57.8 (21.0) | 0.170 | 3.15 (0.38) | 3.14 (0.40) | 0.787 | 50.4 (16.5) | 49.8 (17.0) | 0.836 | 17.9 (12.4) | 19.5 (14.6) | 0.390 | |
| Daughter lives near (61/143) | 65.6 (17.4) | 58.7 (19.7) | 0.019 | 3.17 (0.4) | 3.14 (0.40) | 0.577 | 51.0 (16.6) | 49.9 (16.6) | 0.645 | 16.9 (8.79) | 18.9 (14.4) | 0.241 | |
| Have a son (130/73) | 60.9 (18.3) | 60.1 (20.8) | 0.782 | 3.16 (0.4) | 3.14 (0.41) | 0.753 | 49.6 (15.9) | 51.5 (17.6) | 0.431 | 18.7 (13.5) | 17.8 (12.1) | 0.654 | |
| Son lives near (63/138) | 62.8 (18.1) | 59.4 (19.6) | 0.241 | 3.20 (0.4) | 3.13 (0.40) | 0.259 | 48.4 (14.2) | 51.4 (17.5) | 0.239 | 19.6 (13.7) | 17.8 (12.5) | 0.331 | |
| Leisure and exercise | |||||||||||||
| Holidays (82/121) | 64.2 (18.6) | 58.2 (19.2) | 0.028 | 3.17 (0.4) | 3.14 (0.40) | 0.503 | 51.9 (18.2) | 49.3 (15.2) | 0.275 | 16.0 (13.5) | 20.0 (12.4) | 0.036 | |
| Walking (137/67) | 62.8 (18.8) | 56.7 (19.7) | 0.036 | 3.19 (0.4) | 3.06 (0.35) | 0.030 | 47.7 (15.7) | 55.4 (17.2) | 0.002 | 17.4 (13.0) | 20.2 (13.0) | 0.176 | |
| Garden (136/68) | 60.9 (20.0) | 60.6 (17.9) | 0.941 | 3.14 (0.4) | 3.17 (0.38) | 0.611 | 49.0 (16.2) | 52.6 (17.2) | 0.143 | 18.3 (13.4) | 18.3 (12.2) | 0.905 | |
| Friends in the past (181/23) | 62.9 (17.2) | 43.8 (25.4) | 0.002 | 3.17 (0.4) | 2.99 (0.34) | 0.046 | 49.7 (16.7) | 54.4 (15.4) | 0.195 | 18.0 (12.4) | 20.8 (17.2) | 0.443 | |
| Friends today (155/49) | 64.9 (16.2) | 47.9 (22.5) | <0.001 | 3.21 (0.4) | 2.96 (0.37) | <0.001 | 49.7 (17.0) | 51.7 (15.3) | 0.474 | 17.2 (12.3) | 21.8 (14.7) | 0.029 | |