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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Sep 9.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2020 Jan;32(1):64–70. doi: 10.1097/BOR.0000000000000667

Figure 2. NET promote pathogenic immunity and amplify inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis.

Figure 2.

NETs can induce pro-inflammatory cytokines in FLS. Citrullinated NET proteins can also be internalized by FLS and presented to Ag-specific CD4+ T cells, promoting ACPA production by autoreactive B cells. ACPAs can form immune complexes that stimulate synovial macrophages to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines. These cytokines and immune complexes further induce NET formation, creating a feed-forward loop that promotes autoimmunity.