Table 1. Water quality metrics measured in 21 streams surrounded by four different land uses in the Panama Canal Watershed, Panama.
| Land Use | Site | Temperature | Turbidity | pH | Conductivity | Total Dissolved Solids | Dissolved Oxygen | Hardness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | ||
| Mature Forest | SF-W1 | 25.3 ± 0.5 | 2.4 ± 1.8 | 6.2 ± 1.0 | 0.19 ± 0.15 | 84.0 ± 35.7 | 5.7 ± 1.4 | 25.0 ± 0.0 |
| SF-W2 | 24.9 ± 1.0 | 3.9 ± 3.6 | 6.7 ± 0.8 | 0.20 ± 0.09 | 95.8 ± 35.2 | 6.8 ± 1.0 | 31.3 ± 11.6 | |
| SF-W3 | 25.3 ± 0.7 | 2.1 ± 1.4 | 6.8 ± 0.2 | 0.39 ± 0.19 | 118.2 ± 0.7 | 6.3 ± 1.3 | 40.5 ± 28.8 | |
| SF-AS | 25.1 ± 1.0 | 4.1 ± 4.3 | 7.0 ± 0.4 | 0.22 ± 0.05 | 132.6 ± 34.3 | 6.3 ± 4.3 | 94.2 ± 66.4 | |
| Secondary Forest | SF-W1 | 26.1 ± 0.9 | 5.3 ± 1.3 | 6.8 ± 0.6 | 0.18 ± 0.09 | 81.1 ± 22.0 | 5.3 ± 1.3 | 30.8 ± 11.0 |
| SF-W2 | 25.9 ± 1.6 | 21.4 ± 18 | 6.9 ± 0.5 | 0.18 ± 0.10 | 90.9 ± 33.9 | 6.9 ± 0.5 | 28.1 ± 10.1 | |
| SF-W3 | 25.6 ± 1.0 | 4.6 ± 4.2 | 6.5 ± 0.6 | 0.22 ± 0.11 | 86.6 ± 18.1 | 5.9 ± 1.0 | 34.6 ± 12.7 | |
| SF-AS | 25.2 ± 0.9 | 1.5 ± 0.7 | 7.1 ± 0.3 | 0.13 ± 0.05 | 83.8 ± 14.2 | 6.0 ± 1.2 | 57.9 ± 31.1 | |
| Silvopasture | SP-W1 | 26.4 ± 1.7 | 9.0 ± 8.1 | 6.2 ± 0.8 | 0.14 ± 0.07 | 69.2 ± 18.2 | 5.2 ± 1.8 | 25.0 ± 0.0 |
| SP-W2 | 28.7 ± 3.1 | 13.8 ± 16.4 | 6.0 ± 0.8 | 0.15 ± 0.13 | 62.1 ± 26.8 | 5.8 ± 1.4 | 27.3 ± 7.5 | |
| SP-W3 | 25.7 ± 1.2 | 7.5 ± 9.5 | 6.3 ± 0.6 | 0.26 ± 0.17 | 101.8 ± 31.4 | 5.4 ± 0.7 | 51.7 ± 23.6 | |
| SP-W4 | 25.8 ± 0.8 | 20.6 ± 9.4 | 6.6 ± 0.2 | 0.30 ± 0.16 | 125.8 ± 55.3 | 6.4 ± 1.0 | 35.9 ± 28.9 | |
| SP-AS | 25.3 ± 0.9 | 1.9 ± 1.2 | 7.0 ± 0.3 | 0.14 ± 0.05 | 79.5 ± 14.0 | 5.0 ± 1.6 | 45.6 ± 9.8 | |
| Cattle Pasture | CP-W1 | 26.7 ± 0.8 | 4.4 ± 4.6 | 6.7 ± 0.6 | 0.20 ± 0.18 | 84.9 ± 21.8 | 5.8 ± 1.2 | 34.6 ± 12.7 |
| CP-W2 | 26.4 ± 1.0 | 2.6 ± 2.2 | 6.6 ± 0.7 | 0.18 ± 0.09 | 84.5 ± 18.9 | 5.7 ± 1.1 | 45.5 ± 10.1 | |
| CP-W3 | 26.8 ± 1.9 | 4.4 ± 5.9 | 6.2 ± 0.8 | 0.18 ± 0.16 | 68.4 ± 33.7 | 6.1 ± 0.8 | 23.3 ± 6.5 | |
| CP-W4 | 26.7 ± 1.5 | 20.1 ± 17.5 | 6.0 ± 0.8 | 0.17 ± 0.19 | 53.9 ± 26.7 | 5.0 ± 1.9 | 24.9 ± 9.8 | |
| CP-W5 | 26.5 ± 1.5 | 11.8 ± 12.3 | 6.2 ± 0.7 | 0.21 ± 0.12 | 97.8 ± 44.8 | 5.2 ± 1.0 | 37.9 ± 16.0 | |
| CP-W6 | 27.1 ± 1.5 | 29.8 ± 19.2 | 6.7 ± 0.6 | 0.24 ± 0.17 | 94.5 ± 22.4 | 6.7 ± 0.5 | 34.1 ± 13.2 | |
| CP-W7 | 27.0 ± 1.8 | 2.1 ± 3.0 | 5.2 ± 1.4 | 0.27 ± 0.15 | 103.5 ± 23.0 | 6.4 ± 1.2 | 27.5 ± 7.9 | |
| CP-AS | 25.5 ± 1.1 | 16.4 ± 31.0 | 6.9 ± 0.5 | 0.19 ± 0.05 | 122.1 ± 40.9 | 5.0 ± 1.9 | 44.4 ± 10.7 |
Notes.
Values are mean ± standard deviation of measurements for each site over the one year sampling period.
- MF
- Mature Forests (n = 68)
- SF
- Secondary Forests (n = 73)
- SP
- Silvopastures (n = 82)
- CP
- Cattle Pastures (n = 146)