Table S1:

Glossary of terms and description of different treatment services

Public-funded addiction services or de-addiction centers (DACs)	Government-funded addiction clinics/opioid substitute centers/buprenorphine substitution centers/detoxification centers. Psychiatrists and medical officers run these centers with experience in addiction treatment. However, integrated care is not expected in these centers.
Specialized addiction services with integrated care (SAS)	Centers are funded by the government and run by psychiatrists/addiction psychiatrists. In our study, these represent tertiary care treatment facilities such as the Center for Addiction Psychiatry of CIP Ranchi, DTC PGIMER Chandigarh, Department of Addiction Medicine, LGBRIMH, and PGIMS Rohtak. Integrated treatment is available in these centers.
Mental health services with integrated addiction services (MHSI)	These centers are funded by the government and run by psychiatrists (at times addiction psychiatrists). In our study, it includes the psychiatry department of tertiary care treatment facilities such as AIIMS Patna, AIIMS Jodhpur, and AIIMS Bhubaneswar. Integrated treatment is available in these centers. Integrated treatment is available in these centers.
Mental health services (MHS)	Government-funded psychiatric hospital. These centers are run by psychiatrists and medical officers with OPD and IPD facilities. Often, these centers lack specialist addiction services. So, integrated care is not expected in these centers.
Religious/Native practices (RNP)	Religious and native healing practices encompass a wide range of spiritual approaches. These practices are deeply rooted in the beliefs and traditions of various cultures and often involve rituals, ceremonies, and natural remedies. Some examples include faith healing, shamanic healing, AYUSH, and crystal healing. These practices may involve prayer, herbal remedies, rituals, etc.
General Hospital (GH)/Emergency services (ES)/Primary health centers (PHC)	Are government-funded Primary and secondary level care. General hospitals sometimes have in-house psychiatrists and run Psychiatry OPD. Whereas Primary Health Centers, emergency services of GH lacks specialist psychiatrist/addiction specialist.
Private medical facilities (PvtM)	Are run by private enterprises and involve general physicians and general surgeons but not psychiatrists.
Private psychiatric/DAC (PvtP)	Non-government psychiatric clinic/psychiatric nursing home/addiction clinics/opioid substitute centers/detoxification centers. These centers are run by psychiatrists and medical officers (with or without experience in addiction treatment). Integrated care may or may not be available in these centers.