Table 1:
Details of sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the sample (n=588)
| Variable | Median (IQR)/n (%) |
|---|---|
| Age in years (n=588) | 32.0 (Range: 25–41) |
| Years of education (n=589) | 12.0 (Range: 8–15) |
| Gender (n=589) | |
| Male | 565 (95.9) |
| Female | 24 (4.1) |
| Indigenous population (n=589) | |
| No | 338 (57.4) |
| Yes | 223 (37.9) |
| Not known | 30 (4.8) |
| Marital status (n=589) | |
| Married | 353 (59.9) |
| Separated | 23 (3.9) |
| Single | 208 (35.3) |
| Widowed | 5 (0.8) |
| Employment status (n=589) | |
| Employed | 459 (77.9) |
| Unemployed | 130 (22.1) |
| Locality (n=589) | |
| Rural | 363 (61.6) |
| Urban | 219 (37.2) |
| Unknown | 7 (1.2) |
| Religion (n=589) | |
| Hindu | 483 (82.0) |
| Islam | 69 (11.7) |
| Sikh | 16 (2.7) |
| Others/data absent | 21 (3.6) |
| Family type (n=589) | |
| Nuclear | 311 (52.8) |
| Joint/Extended | 269 (45.7) |
| Others/Not known | 9 (1.5) |
| Socioeconomic status (Modified Kuppuswamy) (n=520) | |
| Upper | 21 (4.0) |
| Upper middle | 238 (45.8) |
| Lower middle | 121 (23.3) |
| Upper lower | 127 (24.4) |
| Lower | 13 (2.5) |
| Duration of substance use (months) (n=583) | 84 (48–180) |
| Duration of substance dependence (months) (n=575) | 46 (25–95) |
| Duration of mental health symptoms (months) (n=575) | 28 (12–48) |
| Primary substance (n=589) | |
| Alcohol | 403 (68.4) |
| Cannabis | 77 (13.1) |
| Opioids | 67 (11.4) |
| Tobacco | 26 (4.4) |
| Sedatives | 14 (2.3) |
| Others | 2 (0.4) |
| Profile of active dependence (n=589) | |
| Alcohol dependence | 399 (67.7) |
| Tobacco dependence | 362 (61.5) |
| Cannabis dependence | 305 (51.8) |
| Opioids dependence | 151 (25.6) |
| Sedative dependence | 38 (6.5) |
| Emergency reception visit | |
| Yes | 55 (9.3) |
| No | 135 (22.9) |
| Not known | 399 (67.7) |
| Conflict with law | |
| Yes | 16 (2.7) |
| No/Not known | 573 (97.3) |
| First symptom | |
| Compulsion | 336 (57.0) |
| Withdrawal | 123 (20.9) |
| Tolerance | 39 (6.6) |
| Loss of control | 30 (5.1) |
| Use despite harm | 21 (3.6) |
| Neglect of pleasurable activities | 9 (1.5) |
| Craving | 4 (0.7) |
| Psychiatric Illness | |
| Psychotic Spectrum (F1X.5 & F20–F29) | 235 (39.9) |
| Depressive Spectrum (F32–F39) | 155 (26.3) |
| Anxiety Spectrum (F40–F49) | 135 (22.9) |
| Bipolar Spectrum (F30–F31) | 64 (10.9) |
| Comorbid Medical illness | |
| Present | 99 (16.8) |
| Absent | 170 (28.9) |
| Absent/Not known | 320 (54.3) |