Table 2.

Results from mediation analyses modeling naloxone administration as a mediator in the relationship between suspected (A) cocaine or (B) methamphetamine co-involvement and overdose survival, for 24,992 ODIN-recorded opioid overdoses from 63 Pennsylvania counties, 2018–2024.

	(A) Cocaine	(B) Methamphetamine
	Logit Coefficient [95% CI]	Logit Coefficient [95% CI]
Total effect	−0.161*** [−0.185, −0.136]	−0.166*** [−0.192, −0.139]
Average direct effect	−0.099*** [−0.118, −0.079]	−0.101*** [−0.124, −0.078]
Average indirect effect	−0.062*** [−0.077, −0.048]	−0.065*** [−0.080, −0.050]
	Proportion [95% CI]	Proportion [95% CI]
Proportion mediated via naloxone administration	0.387*** [0.313, 0.460]	0.392*** [0.313, 0.471]

Note. Proportion mediated denotes the indirect effect as a percentage of the total effect. Outcome equation includes exposure-mediator interaction. Covariates in outcome and mediator equations: year, incident county, age, gender, race, and drugs co-involved (fentanyl, carfentanil, other synthetic opioids/fentanyl analogs, alcohol, benzodiazepines, heroin, and methamphetamine [in cocaine model]/cocaine[in methamphetamine model]). For convention, the term “effect” is used; nevertheless, results are not causal in nature.

^***p<0.001; p values based on robust standard errors. Data do not include Cameron, Forest, Philadelphia, and Sullivan counties.