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Spatial navigation abilities and hippocampus-dependent memory cognition were evaluated with an eight-arm water maze. Mean values ± SEM are presented, with 6–12 rats per group. * denotes p < 0.05 from the corresponding values in AD or DM-ADRD rats compared to their respective control rats. † denotes p < 0.05 in corresponding values from TPPU-treated rats compared to vehicle-treated rats within the same strain.
