Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies.
| References | Research location | Participant characteristics | Pre-baseline exercise/physical therapy status, n (%) | Intervention plan | Measurement results | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample size (male/female) | Mean age or age range | Diagnostic criteria for KOA | Experimental group | Control group | Experimental group | Control group | Intervention time | |||
| [38] | China | IG: 132 (0/132) CG: 134(0/134) |
IG: 71 ± 2.92 CG: 69 ± 3.72 |
ACR | Physical therapy, 49 (37.1%) | Physical therapy, 58 (43.3%) | Wuqinxi 6 × 60 min/wk |
None | 24 wk | WOMAC SF-36 |
| [53] | USA | IG: 22 (3/19) CG: 19 (4/15) |
IG: 70.89 ± 9.8 CG: 68.89 ± 8.9 |
ARA | Exercise, 14 (63.6%) | Exercise, 14 (73.7%) | Tai chi pre-12 weeks 3 × 40 min/wk post-6 weeks none |
Team meeting pre-6 weeks 3 × 40 min/wk post-12 weeks none |
18 wk | WOMAC VAS |
| [62] | USA | IG: 20 (4/16) CG: 20(14/6) |
IG: 63 ± 8.1 CG: 68 ± 7.0 |
ACR | F1 | F1 | Tai chi pre-12 weeks 2 × 60 min/wk in classroom 7 × 20 min/wk at home post-36 weeks exercise Tai chi consciously at home |
Team meeting pre-12 weeks 2 × 60 min/wk post-36 weeks none |
48 wk | WOMAC VAS SF-36 |
| [54] | korea | IG: 29 (2/27) CG: 15(1/14) |
IG: 70.2 ± 4.8 CG: 66.9 ± 6.0 |
KL scale | F1 | F1 | Tai chi 2 × 60 min/wk |
None | 8 wk | WOMAC SF-36 |
| [39] | China | IG: 49 (17/32) CG: 49(20/29) |
IG: 70.7 ± 9.36 CG: 70.2 ± 10.35 |
KL scale or clinical symptoms | F1 | F1 | Wuqinxi 4 × 60 min/wk |
Lower extremity training 4 × 60 min/wk |
24 wk | WOMAC BBS TUG |
| [55] | China | IG: 25 (4/21) CG: 25 (9/16) |
IG: 55.76 ± 8.37 CG: 53.40 ± 10.66 |
Radiographic evidence and clinical symptoms | F1 | F1 | yijinjing 2 × 60 min/wk |
Quadriceps training 2 × 60 min/wk |
12 wk | WOMAC SF-36 BBS VAS |
| [56] | China | IG: 14 (0/14) CG: 14 (0/14) |
IG: 65.4 ± 8.2 CG: 64.6 ± 6.7 |
Radiographic evidence | F1 | F1 | baduanjin pre- 8 weeks 5 × 30 min/wk post- 16 weeks none |
None | 24 wk | WOMAC SF-36 |
| [57] | Iran | IG: 12 (12/0) CG: 12 (12/0) |
IG: 51.6 ± 08.69 CG: 54.6 ± 92.27 |
Radiographic evidence | F1 | F1 | Tai chi 3 × 60 min/wk |
Quadriceps training 3 × 60 min/wk |
8 wk | BBS VAS |
| [58] | China | IG: 52 (0/52) CG: 40 (0/40) |
IG: 66.32 ± 4.16 CG: 66.32 ± 4.16 |
Radiographic evidence and clinical symptoms | F1 | F1 | Tai chi 3 × 60 min/wk |
Team meeting 3 × 60 min/wk |
24 wk | WOMAC VAS |
| [59] | China | IG: 23 (0/23) CG: 23 (0/23) |
IG: 64.61 ± 3.40 CG: 64.53 ± 3.43 |
ARA | F1 | F1 | Tai chi 3 × 60 min/wk |
Team meeting 60 min/wk |
24 wk | SF-36 BBS TUG |
| [60] | China | IG: 23 (0/23) CG: 23 (0/23) |
IG: 64.61 ± 3.40 CG: 64.53 ± 3.43 |
ARA | F1 | F1 | Tai chi 3 × 60 min/wk |
Team meeting 60 min/wk |
24 wk | WOMAC |
| [40] | China | IG: 20 (0/20) CG: 20 (0/20) |
IG: 64.15 ± 8.56 CG: 64.15 ± 8.56 |
Radiographic evidence | F1 | F1 | Tai chi 3 × 60 min/wk |
Team meeting 60 min/wk |
12 wk | WOMAC SF-36 BBS TUG |
| [61] | China | IG: 18 (0/18) CG: 17 (0/17) |
IG: 62.89 ± 2.79 CG: 63.47 ± 2.85 |
ARA | F1 | F1 | Tai chi the first 8 weeks 2 × 45 min/wk the second 8 weeks 3 × 45 min/wk the third 8 weeks 3 × 45 min/wk |
Stretching 45 min/wk |
24 wk | WOMAC |
| [37] | China | IG: 36(4/32) CG: 32 (2/30) |
IG: 77.4 ± 5.9 CG: 75.4 ± 6.4 |
ACR | F2 | F2 | Tai chi 2 × 60 min/wk |
Team meeting 2 × 60 min/wk |
12 wk | TUG |
| [41] | China | IG 41 (7/34) CG: 43(8/35) |
IG: 64.74 ± 2.80 CG: 65.70 ± 3.50 |
clinical symptoms | F1 | F1 | baduanjin 3 × 40 min/wk |
Quadriceps training 3 × 40 min/wk |
24 wk | WOMAC SF-36 |
| [63] | USA | IG: 12 (9/3) CG: 6(4/2) |
IG: 68.1 ± 5.3 CG: 70.5 ± 5.0 |
ACR | F1 | F1 | Tai chi 2 × 60 min/wk |
None | 10 wk | WOMAC 6-MWT TUG |
| [64] | Iran | IG: 16 CG: 16 |
IG: 55.25 ± 5.72 CG: 56.06 ± 6.13 |
KL scale | F1 | F1 | Tai chi 3 × 20 min/wk |
None | 8 wk | TUG |
| [65] | korea | IG: 22 (0/22) CG: 21(0/21) |
IG: 64.8 ± 6.0 CG: 62.5 ± 5.6 |
Radiographic evidence and clinical symptoms | Exercise, 16 (72.7%) | Exercise, 15 (71.4%) | Tai chi pre- 2 weeks 3 × 60 min/wk post- 10 weeks 4 × 60 min/wk |
None | 12 wk | WOMAC |
| [66] | USA | IG: 28 (6/22) CG: 27(9/18) |
IG: 78.89 ± 6.91 CG: 78.93 ± 8.30 |
clinical symptoms | F1 | F1 | Tai chi 3 × 60min/wk Participate in health culture classes |
Participate in health culture classes | 21 wk | WOMAC |
| [67] | USA | IG: 106 (31/75) CG: 98(30/68) |
IG: 60.3 ± 10.5 CG: 60.1 ± 10.5 |
ACR or Radiographic evidence | F1 | F1 | Tai chi 2 × 60min/wk |
Physicotherapy pre- 6 weeks 2 × 60 min/wk in classroom post- 6 weeks exercise consciously at home |
52 wk | WOMAC SF-36 |
F1: The inclusion criteria for the study include conditions such as no exercise or not receiving physical therapy, or the exclusion criteria include conditions such as habitual exercise or receiving physical therapy, meaning that participants in the study did not exercise or receive physical therapy before baseline.
F2: The information not mentioned in the article.
ACR = American College of Rheumatology, ARA = American Rheumatism Association, BBS = Berg balance scale, KL scale = Kellgren-Lawrence scale, KOA = knee osteoarthritis, SF-36 = 36-item short-form, TUG = timed up and go test, VAS = visual analogue scale, WOMAC = Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index.