Table 1. Definition of each category and codes.

Category	Code	Meaning	Comments/References
Sex	a1	Male
	a2	Female
Estimated Current Age	b1	More than 0, equal or less than 14 months old	Infants - from 0 to 14 months old
	b2	More than 14 months old, equal or less than 36 months old	Juvenile - from 14 months to 36 months old
	b3	More than 3, equal or less than 8 years old	Adolescence and sexual maturity - 3–8 years old
	b4	More than 8 years old, equal or less than 15 years old	Adulthood - from 8 to 15 years old
	b5	More than 15 years old	Elderly - more than 15 years old 61 – 71
	b6	Unknown	Estimated by former and current veterinarians according to dentition
Species	c1	Macaca arctoides	We considered necessary to establish “species” as a category for three reasons
	c2	Macaca assamensis	(1) many of the orphans that arrived at the centre in weaning stage were fostered by non-same species surrogate mothers which may impact on their behaviour,
	c3	Macaca fascicularis	(2) many groups are mixed species which could influence in the sociability and welfare of the lower-number-species subjects,
	c4	Macaca leonina	(3) resilience amongst other crucial behaviours such as conciliation may differ between species 36 , 72
	c5	Macaca mulatta
Origin	d1	Captive conceived
	d2	Born in the wild
Rearing	e1	Parenting	Reared by parents or surrogate mother or father
	e2	Hand	Reared by humans 36 , 73
Life Experience	f1	Pet	Which usually involves being in chains or cages include orphans
	f2	Entertainment	Working for entertaining tourists such as being caged in resorts, temples …
	f3	Zoo	For those who were born in the former zoo and spend their whole lives in captivity
	f4	Trade	For those whose past is not exhaustively known, but they were rescued from poaching
Infancy Social Exposure	g1	Accompanied by peers, more than 80% of infancy	Presence or absence of peers in the subject’s infancy 74 – 76
	g2	Mixed or accompanied between 80-20% during infancy	Infancy is a period defined from 0 to 14 months old 77 – 80
	g3	Alone, more than the 80% of infancy	We generated four subcategories, according to the percentage of time that they were exposure to social interactions and peers
	g4	Unknown
Juvenility Social Exposure	h1	Accompanied by peers, more than 80% of juvenility	Presence or absence of peers in the subject’s juvenility
	h2	Mixed or accompanied between 80-20% during juvenility	Juvenility is a stage defined from 14 to 36 months old 81 – 85
	h3	Alone, more than the 80% of juvenility	We generated four subcategories, according to the percentage of time that they were exposure to social interactions and peers
	h4	Unknown
Mother separation	i1	Yes	This category was established according to the weaning period in rhesus macaques, which is completed at about 10–14 months of age, a period of time in which infant should not be separated from their mothers for normal development 86
	i2	No
Estimated Age at Arrival	j1	Equal or more than 0, equal or less than 14 months old	Infants - from 0 to 14 months old
	j2	More than 14 months old, equal or less than 36 months old	Juvenile - from 14 months to 36 months old
	j3	More than 3 years old	Adolescence, adulthood, and elderly 61 – 71
	j4	Unknown	Estimated by former and current veterinarians according to dentition