Nutrients, foods, and dietary patterns causing secondary dyslipidemia	• Saturated fatty acids (FAs) abundant in red meat and trans FAs increase low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. Unsaturated FAs lower lipid levels.
	• Diets high in carbohydrates, added sugar, and alcohol raise blood triglyceride (TG) levels.
	• Ultra-processed foods are a risk factor for dyslipidemia.
	Recommendations:
	• An appropriate energy intake and healthy body weight are important for preventing secondary dyslipidemia.
	• Reduce saturated FAs, red and processed meats, and limit trans FA intake.
	• Consume foods high in dietary fiber, whole grains, fruits and vegetables, legumes, and fish.
	• Limit alcohol consumption.
Diseases and conditions causing secondary hypercholesterolemia	• Diseases such as hypothyroidism, liver disease, primary biliary cholangitis, and nephrotic syndrome can increase LDL-C levels.
	Recommendations:
	• All patients with high LDL-C levels should be screened for these conditions.
	• If high cholesterol levels persist after managing these underlying diseases, further lipid-lowering therapy (LLT) may be required.
Drugs causing secondary hypercholesterolemia	• Cardiovascular drugs (e.g., thiazide), steroid hormones (e.g., progestogens, androgenic steroids, and glucocorticoids), dermatologic drugs, immunosuppressants (e.g., cyclosporine), anti-infective agents (e.g., protease inhibitors), and anticonvulsants can elevate LDL-C levels.
	Recommendations:
	• Replacing the causative drug with an alternative is desirable.
	• If drug replacement is difficult, monitor the lipid levels and reassess the necessity of the causative drug. If long-term use of the drug is necessary, further guideline-based LLT may be required.
Diseases and conditions causing secondary hypertriglyceridemia	• Obesity and uncontrolled diabetes, Cushing syndrome, hypothyroidism, nephrotic syndrome and chronic kidney disease, liver disease, autoimmune diseases (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus), sepsis and critical illnesses, and pregnancy can raise blood TG levels.
	Recommendations:
	• Diagnosis and treatment of secondary factors for hypertriglyceridemia are absolutely imperative before administering additional TG-lowering treatments.
	• Lifestyle modifications are required before any pharmacological treatment.
Drugs causing secondary hypertriglyceridemia	• Cardiovascular drugs (e.g., b-blockers and thiazide), steroid hormones (e.g., estrogens, oral contraceptives, and glucocorticoids), dermatologic drugs (e.g., isotretinoin), immunosuppressants, anti-infective agents (e.g., protease inhibitors), anti-cancer drugs, and antipsychotics (e.g., olanzapine) can cause varying degrees of hypertriglyceridemia.
	Recommendations:
	• When using drugs known to elevate TG levels, measuring TG levels before and after drug use can be helpful to diagnose the secondary cause.
	• If very severe hypertriglyceridemia occurs, discontinuation of the causative agent is necessary to prevent pancreatitis.