Fig. 7.

Enhanced osseointegration strength and osteogenesis promotion in the long term. (A) Schematic diagram of the biomechanical push-out test and load-displacement curves of the implants at 28 days, n = 3. (B) Representative images of new bone tissue attachment to the implant interface at 28 days by SEM and EDS mapping (arrowheads indicate the calcified tissue). (C) Representative images of the three-dimensional reconstructed Micro-CT images and Tb.Th of newborn bone at 28 days (arrowheads indicate the new bone formation). (D) Quantitative analysis of Micro-CT data including Tb.N, Tb.Th, Tb.Sp, and BV/TV, n = 4. (E) Bone-implant interface by hard tissue sections stained with Methylene blue magenta (arrowheads indicate new bone in direct contact with the implant). (F) Histological examination of H&E staining (arrowheads indicate the new blood vessels in the peri-implant area). (G) Evaluation of osteogenic differentiation by Masson's Trichrome staining (blue, new bone, labeled by yellow arrowheads; red, mature bone); and immunohistochemistry of osteogenic marker (arrowheads indicate the positive area of COL 1), and corresponding semi-quantitative analysis, n = 4 (H and I). Data are presented as mean ± SD. Statistical significance was calculated via one-way ANOVA with Tukey posthoc test (*, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; and ***, P < 0.001).