Table 1.
Clinical characteristics according to hemoglobinA1c, serum glycated albumin, and homeostasis model assessment of β cell function (HOMA-β) levels
| Variables | Hemoglobin A1c levels (%) | Serum glycated albumin levels (%) | HOMA-β levels | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <5.7 | 5.7–6.4 | ≥6.5 | <13.9 | 13.9–14.8 | 14.9–16.0 | ≥16.1 | ≤30 | >30 | |
| Number of participants | 3406 | 2989 | 795 | 1736 | 1854 | 1815 | 1706 | 257 | 2840 |
| Age, y | 72.0 (5.7) | 72.2 (5.6) | 72.4 (5.4)* | 70.6 (4.8) | 71.5 (5.1) | 72.7 (5.7) | 73.7 (6.2)* | 71.3 (4.9) | 71.1 (5.1) |
| Women, % | 60.1 | 61.1 | 48.0* | 54.7 | 62.7 | 64.2 | 54.5* | 31.9* | 62.3 |
| ApoE Ɛ4, present, % | 18.1 | 16.5 | 15.0* | 16.1 | 17.8 | 17.6 | 16.7 | 19.8 | 17.6 |
| Hypertension, % | 48.6 | 56.6 | 64.8* | 52.1 | 49.5 | 51.7 | 61.6* | 70.3 | 69.6 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.3 (3.3) | 23.7 (3.3) | 24.6 (3.5)* | 24.1 (3.2) | 23.3 (3.1) | 22.8 (3.2) | 23.1 (3.4)* | 21.6 (2.6)* | 23.1 (3.1) |
| Serum LDL-chol, mg/dL | 118.7 (30.3) | 118.7 (30.3) | 113.3 (30.6)* | 121.1 (31.6) | 120.3 (29.5) | 117.9 (29.4) | 113.1 (29.8)* | 113.8 (31.5)* | 123.1 (30.6) |
| Serum HDL-chol, mg/dL | 65.4 (16.9) | 61.9 (16.5) | 56.2 (15.3)* | 60.6 (15.8) | 64.0 (16.9) | 65.0 (17.2) | 62.3 (17.6)* | 70.0 (18.3)* | 64.4 (16.7) |
| Education ≤ 9 y, % | 25.1 | 25.1 | 25.1 | 22.1 | 23.9 | 23.9 | 27.7* | 23.3 | 20.4 |
| Current smoking habits, % | 8.5 | 7.8 | 9.8* | 11.8 | 7.4 | 6.9 | 7.3* | 15.2* | 7.0 |
| Current alcohol intakes, % | 47.5 | 41.1 | 43.2 | 52.9 | 43.9 | 40.7 | 40 | 62.3* | 44.5 |
| Regular exercise, % | 43.9 | 44.2 | 43.5 | 42.9 | 44.9 | 42.7 | 45.6 | 48.6 | 44.0 |
| Estimated intracranial volume, ×103 mm3 | 1421.3 (155.8) | 1409.6 (150.7) | 1433.1 (156.1) | 1423.8 (155.2) | 1410.4 (153.8) | 1408.0 (150.5) | 1430.3 (155.0) | 1449.6* (140.8) | 1375.6 (146.7) |
APOE apolipoprotein E, BMI body mass index, eTIV estimated intracranial volume, HDL-chol high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HOMA-β homeostasis model assessment of beta cell function, LDL chol low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Values were shown as mean values (standard deviations or frequencies). *p for trend < 0.05.