Table 2.

Unadjusted and adjusted generalized estimating equation (GEE) models of structural factors associated with primary care use in a cohort of women sex workers in Metro Vancouver, Canada, 2010–2021 (N = 646)

	Unadjusted odds ratio (95% CI)	Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)
Structural variables
Intimate partner violencea	0.78 (0.65 – 0.95)	0.64 (0.49 – 0.82)
Violence while workinga	0.94 (0.70 – 1.25)
Experienced health care stigmaa	1.04 (0.81 – 1.35)
Limited English fluencya	0.59 (0.42 – 0.83)	0.76 (0.51 – 1.14)
Unstably houseda	1.10 (0.90 – 1.33)
Incarcerateda	1.09 (0.75 – 1.57)
Police harassment while workinga	0.85 (0.61 – 1.18)
Confounder variables
Demographic
Agea	1.03 (1.02 – 1.04)	1.03 (1.02 – 1.04)
Minority sexual orientationb	1.26 (1.00 – 1.59)	1.11 (0.87 – 1.42)
Gender minorityb	1.60 (1.12 – 2.30)	1.45 (0.98 – 2.15)
Racalizationb
White	-ref-	-ref-
Indigenous	1.04 (0.80 – 1.35)	1.12 (0.87 – 1.46)
Women of Color	0.70 (0.51 – 0.95)	0.83 (0.57 – 1.22)
Health
Mental health disorderb	1.33 (1.04 – 1.70)	1.22 (0.93 – 1.60)
Hospitalizeda	1.34 (1.13 – 1.59)	1.26 (1.04 – 1.54)
Alcohol usea
None	-ref-
Less than daily	1.06 (0.90 – 1.24)
Daily	1.09 (0.83 – 1.42)
Injection drug usea	0.90 (0.75 – 1.08)
Overdosea	0.84 (0.68 – 1.05)	0.79 (0.62 – 1.01)

CI, confidence interval

Minority sexual orientation includes those who identified as lesbian, gay, bisexual, queer, and/or asexual

Indigenous racial identities included First Nations, Inuit, & Metis. Women of Color included Black, Chinese/Taiwanese, Vietnamese, Korean, Japanese, Thai, Filipina, Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Sri Lankan, Latin American, Middle Eastern, or African

^aTime updated measure in the last six months.

^bTime updated lifetime measure.