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. 2024 Aug 13;17(9):sfae250. doi: 10.1093/ckj/sfae250

Table 2:

Published cases of GLP-1RA-induced AIN and MCD.

Drug name Author Age/sex Initial renal function Time to presentation Renal function post-GLP-1 Biopsy/diagnosis Treatment Recovery
AIN
 Liraglutide Gariani et al. 2014 [16] 83M Creatinine 2.14 mg/dL; eGFR 32 mL/min/1.73 m2 Creatinine 9.3 mg/dL; eGFR 6 mL/min/1.73 m2 Confirmed/AIN Stopped liraglutide; steroids and transient dialysis Partial recovery
 Exenatide Dubois-Laforgue et al. 2014 [17] 75M Creatinine 130 μmol/L 5 days Creatinine 1148 μmol/L Not done/AIN Stopped exenatide; haemodialysis for 48 h insulin therapy Full recovery, 9 days
 Exenatide Bhatti et al. 2010 [18] 65F Creatinine 77 μmol/L; eGFR 66 mL/min/1.73 m2 9 weeks Creatinine 393 μmol/L; eGFR 10 mL/min/1.73 m2 Not done/AIN Exenatide stopped; prednisolone Partial recovery, 6 weeks
 Exenatide Nandakoban et al. 2013 [7] 58M Creatinine 120 μmol/L; eGFR 59 mL/min/1.73 m2 2 months SCr 209 μmol/L; eGFR 39 mL/min/1.73 m2 Confirmed/AIN Stopped exenatide; prednisolone Partial recovery, 4 months
 Semaglutide Leehey et al. 2021 [8] ∼80F Creatinine 1.59 mg/dL; eGFR 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 5 months Creatinine 3.50 mg/dL; eGFR 11 mL/min/1.73 m2 Confirmed/AIN Discontinued semaglutide No recovery
 Dulaglutide Taylor et al. 2018 [19] 63F Creatinine 1.6 mg/dL; eGFR 34 mL/min/1.73 m2 1 month Creatinine 3.4 mg/dL; eGFR 13.7 mL/min/1.73 m2 Not done/AIN Discontinued dulaglutide Full recovery, 4 weeks
 Semaglutide Borkum et al. 2022 [10] ∼30M Creatinine 1.05 mg/dL; eGFR 91 mL/min/1.73 m2 6 weeks Creatinine 12.86 mg/dL Confirmed/AIN Discontinued semaglutide; prednisone Full recovery, 4 weeks
 Dulaglutide Komala et al. 2022 [11] 78M Normal 4 weeks Creatinine 8.46 mg/dL Confirmed/AIN Discontinued dulaglutide; prednisolone Full recovery, 2 weeks
 Liraglutide Chaudhury et al. 2021 [9] 59F eGFR 35 mL/min/1.73 m2 5 months eGFR 17 mL/min/1.73 m2 Confirmed/AIN Discontinued liraglutide; on peritoneal dialysis No recovery
 Tirzepatide Espino et al. 2023 [20] 42F Creatinine 3.23 mg/dL; eGFR 16 mL/min/1.73 m2 1 month Creatinine 0.49 mg/dL; eGFR 121 mL/min/1.73 m2 Not done/AIN Discontinued tirzepatide Recovering, days
Podocytopathies
 Semaglutide Attieh et al. 2024 [12] 43F Proteinuria normal; creatinine 0.9–1.1 mg/dL 12 weeks UACR 10.27 g/g; creatinine 1.34 mg/dL Confirmed/MCD Oral prednisone; discontinued semaglutide 5 weeks later Full recovery 2 weeks post-semaglutide discontinuation
 Semaglutide Attieh et al. 2024 [12] 39M 6 months UPCR 9.7 g/g; creatinine 1 mg/dL Confirmed/MCD Semaglutide discontinued; rituximab Full recovery in 1 month
 Semaglutide Attieh et al. 2024 [12] 60F 10 weeks UACR 2 g/g; creatinine 0.64 mg/dL Confirmed/MCD Semaglutide discontinued; prednisone Full recovery in 2 months

eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; UACR, urine albumin to creatinine ratio; UPCR, urine protein to creatinine ratio.