Table 2:
Published cases of GLP-1RA-induced AIN and MCD.
| Drug name | Author | Age/sex | Initial renal function | Time to presentation | Renal function post-GLP-1 | Biopsy/diagnosis | Treatment | Recovery |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AIN | ||||||||
| Liraglutide | Gariani et al. 2014 [16] | 83M | Creatinine 2.14 mg/dL; eGFR 32 mL/min/1.73 m2 | Creatinine 9.3 mg/dL; eGFR 6 mL/min/1.73 m2 | Confirmed/AIN | Stopped liraglutide; steroids and transient dialysis | Partial recovery | |
| Exenatide | Dubois-Laforgue et al. 2014 [17] | 75M | Creatinine 130 μmol/L | 5 days | Creatinine 1148 μmol/L | Not done/AIN | Stopped exenatide; haemodialysis for 48 h insulin therapy | Full recovery, 9 days |
| Exenatide | Bhatti et al. 2010 [18] | 65F | Creatinine 77 μmol/L; eGFR 66 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 9 weeks | Creatinine 393 μmol/L; eGFR 10 mL/min/1.73 m2 | Not done/AIN | Exenatide stopped; prednisolone | Partial recovery, 6 weeks |
| Exenatide | Nandakoban et al. 2013 [7] | 58M | Creatinine 120 μmol/L; eGFR 59 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 2 months | SCr 209 μmol/L; eGFR 39 mL/min/1.73 m2 | Confirmed/AIN | Stopped exenatide; prednisolone | Partial recovery, 4 months |
| Semaglutide | Leehey et al. 2021 [8] | ∼80F | Creatinine 1.59 mg/dL; eGFR 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 5 months | Creatinine 3.50 mg/dL; eGFR 11 mL/min/1.73 m2 | Confirmed/AIN | Discontinued semaglutide | No recovery |
| Dulaglutide | Taylor et al. 2018 [19] | 63F | Creatinine 1.6 mg/dL; eGFR 34 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 1 month | Creatinine 3.4 mg/dL; eGFR 13.7 mL/min/1.73 m2 | Not done/AIN | Discontinued dulaglutide | Full recovery, 4 weeks |
| Semaglutide | Borkum et al. 2022 [10] | ∼30M | Creatinine 1.05 mg/dL; eGFR 91 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 6 weeks | Creatinine 12.86 mg/dL | Confirmed/AIN | Discontinued semaglutide; prednisone | Full recovery, 4 weeks |
| Dulaglutide | Komala et al. 2022 [11] | 78M | Normal | 4 weeks | Creatinine 8.46 mg/dL | Confirmed/AIN | Discontinued dulaglutide; prednisolone | Full recovery, 2 weeks |
| Liraglutide | Chaudhury et al. 2021 [9] | 59F | eGFR 35 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 5 months | eGFR 17 mL/min/1.73 m2 | Confirmed/AIN | Discontinued liraglutide; on peritoneal dialysis | No recovery |
| Tirzepatide | Espino et al. 2023 [20] | 42F | Creatinine 3.23 mg/dL; eGFR 16 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 1 month | Creatinine 0.49 mg/dL; eGFR 121 mL/min/1.73 m2 | Not done/AIN | Discontinued tirzepatide | Recovering, days |
| Podocytopathies | ||||||||
| Semaglutide | Attieh et al. 2024 [12] | 43F | Proteinuria normal; creatinine 0.9–1.1 mg/dL | 12 weeks | UACR 10.27 g/g; creatinine 1.34 mg/dL | Confirmed/MCD | Oral prednisone; discontinued semaglutide 5 weeks later | Full recovery 2 weeks post-semaglutide discontinuation |
| Semaglutide | Attieh et al. 2024 [12] | 39M | 6 months | UPCR 9.7 g/g; creatinine 1 mg/dL | Confirmed/MCD | Semaglutide discontinued; rituximab | Full recovery in 1 month | |
| Semaglutide | Attieh et al. 2024 [12] | 60F | 10 weeks | UACR 2 g/g; creatinine 0.64 mg/dL | Confirmed/MCD | Semaglutide discontinued; prednisone | Full recovery in 2 months |
eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; UACR, urine albumin to creatinine ratio; UPCR, urine protein to creatinine ratio.