Figure 1.

Genetic instrument selection, data sources, and analysis strategy in a triangulation study of the effect of SGLT2 inhibition on prostate cancer

For human genetic analyses, the effect of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibition on the risk of prostate cancer and its subtypes were estimated using Mendelian randomization. For observational analyses, the effect of use of SGLT2 inhibitors on incident prostate cancer risk was estimated in males with diabetes. DPP4 inhibitors were used as active comparators. For observational analysis of biomarker, the association of HbA1c on incident prostate cancer was estimated in UK Biobank and 4C study. More details of instrument selection and analysis strategies were listed in the STAR Methods, instrument selection and Mendelian randomization analyses.