Table 2.

Effect estimates of genetically proxied SGLT2 inhibition on total, aggressive, and early-onset prostate cancer among men in general population using data from the PRACTICAL and GAME-ON/ELLIPSE Consortium

Exposure	Outcome	No. of cases	Model	Odds ratio (95% CI)	p value
Genetically proxied SGLT2 inhibition	total prostate cancer	79,148	inverse variance weighted MR	0.56 (0.38–0.82)	0.003
	advanced prostate cancer	15,167	inverse variance weighted MR	0.52 (0.27–0.99)	0.049
	early-onset prostate cancer	6,988	inverse variance weighted MR	0.27 (0.11–0.71)	0.008
	advanced vs. non-advanced	14,160	inverse variance weighted MR	0.86 (0.35–2.13)	0.75
	high vs. low aggressive	15,561	inverse variance weighted MR	1.14 (0.38–3.39)	0.81
	high vs. low + intermediate aggressive	20,658	inverse variance weighted MR	0.69 (0.37–1.28)	0.24

Notation: advanced prostate cancer was defined as metastatic disease or Gleason score (GS) ≥ 8 or PSA > 100 or prostate cancer death; early-onset refers to prostate cancer onset before age 55; low aggressive refers to T stage from the TNM staging ≤ T1, and GS ≤ 6, and PSA < 10; intermediate aggressive refers to T stage: T2, and GS = 7, and PSA 10∼20; and high aggressive refers to T stage: T3/T4 or N1 or M1 or GS ≥ 8 or PSA > 20. Odds ratio means the reduced odds of prostate cancer risk per standard deviation unit (0.62%) reduction of HbA1c through SGLT2 inhibition.