Table 3.
Effect estimates of genetically proxied HbA1c levels on total, aggressive, and early-onset prostate cancer among men in the general population using data from the PRACTICAL Consortium and association of observed HbA1c levels on incident prostate cancer among men in the general population using data from the 4C study
| Exposure | Outcome | No. of cases | Model | Odds ratio (95% CI) | Hazard ratio (95% CI) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genetically proxied HbA1c levels | total prostate cancer | 79,148 | inverse variance weighted MR | 0.98 (0.92–1.05) | – | 0.63 |
| aggressive prostate cancer | 15,167 | inverse variance weighted MR | 0.99 (0.92–1.07) | – | 0.81 | |
| early-onset prostate cancer | 6,988 | inverse variance weighted MR | 0.94 (0.82–1.08) | – | 0.37 | |
| Observed HbA1c levels (one SD unit = 1.11%) | incident prostate cancer (including all 57,779 males) | 223 | Cox proportional hazard model | – | 0.93 (0.80–1.10) | 0.40 |
| Observed HbA1c levels (one SD unit = 0.91%) | incident prostate cancer (excluding users of anti-diabetic drugs) | 201 | Cox proportional hazard model | – | 0.95 (0.80–1.12) | 0.53 |
Notation: aggressive prostate cancer, defined as Gleason score ≥ 8, PSA > 100 ng/mL, metastatic disease (M1), or death from prostate cancer, and early-onset prostate cancer, defined as participants diagnosed with prostate cancer before the age of 55 years. SD refers to standard deviation. Odds ratio is the reduced odds of prostate cancer per standard deviation unit reduction of HbA1c levels (0.62%). Hazard ratio is the probability of occurence of prostate cancer in SGLT2 inhibitor users versus that in DPP4 inhibitor users during the follow-up period.