Representative traces of smooth muscle contractions during the spontaneous, after EFS, and under NANC conditions (A). Quantifications of spontaneous muscle contractility (B), EFS-induced contractility (C), and under NANC conditions (D) are shown. The amplitude of EFS contractions reflects maximal contractility as an absolute change from baseline and is markedly reduced in the presence of TTX (C). Effects of ACh (E) and KCl (F) on muscle activity. All the values represent the mean of 2–4 animals for each group, repeated 2–3 times. Data are shown as the mean ± SEM. Statistical significance was determined by the 1-way ANOVA with a post hoc Tukey’s test; *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001, and ###P < 0.001 are statistically significant. EFS, electrical field stimulation; TTX, tetrodotoxin.