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. 2024 Sep 10;9(17):e171659. doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.171659

Figure 5. Neutrophils from patients with severe COVID-19 display impaired ROS and NET production.

Figure 5

Fresh neutrophils were isolated from healthy controls and patients with COVID-19 and stimulated with PMA or fMLP to induce ROS and NET production. (A) Gating strategy to quantify NETs and ROS production in neutrophils. (B) Fold-increase in ROS production in stimulated NDNs over unstimulated NDNs isolated from healthy controls (HC, n = 4) and patients with mild (n = 7) and severe (n = 5) COVID-19. (C) Percentage NETosis in NDNs stimulated with PMA or fMLP from HC (n = 4) and patients with mild (n = 6) and severe (n = 5) COVID-19. Solid black dots represent individuals with steroid exposure at the time of sampling. In panels B and C, the respective values in a contemporaneous cohort of patients with bacterial sepsis are shown in gray; these are not included in the statistical analysis and are shown for comparison purposes only. Statistical analysis was performed using 2-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ****P < 0.0001. Median with IQR is shown.