Table 1.
Participant Descriptive Characteristics for Runners with ≤ 1 Lifetime Incidence of Stress Fractures (SF) and ≥ 2 Lifetime Stress Fractures.
| All Participants (n=458) | ≤1 Lifetime SF (n=309; 67%) | ≥2 Lifetime SF (n=149; 33%) | p-value(d) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| % at Risk of LEA | 60% | 49% | 82% | <0.01* |
| Years | 23.1 ± 1.8 | 23.2 ± 1.8 | 22.9 ± 1.9 | 0.10 |
| Height (cm) | 165.1 ± 10.0 | 165.3 ± 9.3 | 164.7 ± 11.5 | 0.57 |
| Weight (kg) | 60.7 ± 9.7 | 60.1 ± 9.8 | 61.8 ± 9.2 | 0.08 |
| BMI | 22.4 ± 4.2 | 22.1 ± 3.8 | 23.1 ± 4.9 | <0.01* (d=0.26) |
| Exercise per Week (hours) | 6.2 ± 2.4 | 6.5 ± 2.4 | 5.6 ± 2.3 | <0.01* (d=−0.38) |
| Weekly Running Mileage | 31.9 ± 13.6 | 31.0 ± 14.5 | 33.6 ± 11.5 | 0.06 |
| LEAF-Q Total Score | 10.0 ± 6.1 | 8.3 ± 5.3 | 14.0 ± 5.8 | <0.01* (d=1.08) |
| LEAF-Q Injury Subsection | 0.9 ± 1.9 | 0.7 ± 1.8 | 1.4 ± 2.2 | <0.01* (d=0.39) |
| LEAF-Q GI Function Subsection | 3.6 ± 2.5 | 3.0 ± 2.4 | 5.0 ± 2.3 | <0.01* (d=0.83) |
| LEAF-Q Menstrual Function Subsection | 5.6 ± 3.8 | 4.6 ± 3.6 | 7.6 ± 3.5 | <0.01* (d=0.83) |
| MD (≥4 on Menstrual Subsection) | 59% (n=271) | 48% (n=149) | 82% (n=122) | (χ2 =47.14) <0.01* |
| Oral Contraceptive Use | 29% (n=131) | 22% (n=68) | 42% (n=63) | (χ2 =20.24) <0.01* |
| Current Amenorrhea | 6% (n=29) | 5% (n=16) | 9% (n=13) | (χ2 =2.13) 0.14 |
| Food Restriction for Weight Loss | 51% (n=233) | 41% (n=127) | 71% (n=106) | (χ2 =36.30) <0.01* |
| Current Eating Disorder | 36% (n=165) | 23% (n=70) | 64% (n=95) | (χ2 =73.70) <0.01* |
| Fear of Weight Gain | 45% (n=208) | 46% (n=143) | 44% (n=65) | (χ2 =0.29) 0.59 |
| Weight Dissatisfaction | 65% (n=298) | 33% (n=102) | 39% (n=58) | (χ2 = 1.55) 0.21 |
Data are mean ± SD; cm, centimeters; kg, kilograms; BMI, Body Mass Index. LEAF-Q, Low Energy Availability in Female Questionnaire; LEAF-Q ≥ 8 indicates ‘at risk’ of LEA, LEAF-Q < 8 indicates ‘not at risk’. Injury ≥ 2 indicates increased risk of injury. GI function ≥ 2 indicates GI impairment. Menstrual function ≥ 4 indicates menstrual dysfunction (MD).
*
Indicates significant difference.