Table 3.
Associations between the exposures and mortality
| ImT-included Time-fixed Analysisa | ImT-excluded Time-fixed Analysisa | Time-dependent Analysisa | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted HRb | Adjusted HRb,c | Unadjusted HRb | Adjusted HRb,c | Unadjusted HRb | Adjusted HRb,c,d | |
| Non-CoI/ScI | reference | reference | reference | reference | reference | reference |
| CoI/ScIe | 1.16 (0.90 to 1.49) | 1.10 (0.86 to 1.41) | 2.98 (2.35 to 3.78) | 2.90 (2.29 to 3.67) | 3.33 (2.63 to 4.21) | 3.27 (2.58 to 4.13)f |
| Type of CoI/ScI | ||||||
| Bacterial | 1.26 (0.97 to 1.63) | 1.19 (0.92 to 1.54) | 3.50 (2.75 to 4.47) | 3.38 (2.65 to 4.31) | 3.88 (3.04 to 4.95) | 3.79 (2.97 to 4.83)g |
| Fungal | 1.47 (0.21 to 10.50) | 2.50 (0.35 to 17.91) | 2.20 (0.31 to 15.69) | 4.59 (0.64 to 32.99) | 2.42 (0.34 to 17.24) | 4.92 (0.68 to 35.37)h |
| Bacterial + fungal | 0.58 (0.29 to 1.16) | 0.55 (0.28 to 1.10) | 1.08 (0.52 to 2.21) | 1.07 (0.52 to 2.19) | 1.33 (0.67 to 2.65) | 1.29 (0.65 to 2.58)i |
| Resistance statusj | ||||||
| No MDRp | 0.97 (0.73 to 1.28) | 0.95 (0.72 to 1.25) | 2.76 (2.13 to 3.58) | 2.77 (2.14 to 3.59) | 3.10 (2.39 to 4.01) | 3.13 (2.42 to 4.05)k |
| ≥ 1 MDRp | 2.73 (1.71 to 4.34) | 2.21 (1.38 to 3.52) | 4.20 (2.64 to 6.69) | 3.49 (2.19 to 5.57) | 4.59 (2.88 to 7.31) | 3.89 (2.44 to 6.21)l |
Abbreviations: CoI/ScI co-infection/secondary infection, ImT immortal time, HR hazard ratio, MDRp multidrug-resistant pathogen, Non-CoI/ScI no co-infection/secondary infection
aOutcome follow-up was from 1 July 2021 to 31 October 2021
bHRs were calculated using Cox proportional hazards regression and presented with the 95% confidence intervals
cAdjusted HRs were controlled for sex, age, body mass index, comorbidities, and disease severity
dHolm method was used to control for multiplicity, with a family-wise error rate of 5%
eCoI/ScI was defined as either: (1) valid positive microbial culture and ≥ 1 clinical symptoms/signs (fever, increased white blood cell, increased C-reactive protein, increased procalcitonin); (2) 2 valid positive microbial cultures at the same site; or (3) negative/contaminated microbial culture and ≥ 3 clinical symptoms/signs for ≥ 24 h
fUnadjusted p < 0.001; multiplicity-adjusted p < 0.001
gUnadjusted p < 0.001; multiplicity-adjusted p < 0.001
hUnadjusted p = 0.210; multiplicity-adjusted p = 0.420
iUnadjusted p = 0.885; multiplicity-adjusted p = 0.885
jMDR status is defined as non-susceptibility to ≥ 1 agent in ≥ 3 antimicrobial categories available for testing
kUnadjusted p < 0.001; multiplicity-adjusted p < 0.001
lUnadjusted p < 0.001; multiplicity-adjusted p < 0.001