TABLE 1.
Cell therapies for degenerative disc disease.
| Author | Year | Trial | Cells | Cell number | Number of patients | Outcomes | Follow-up period (months) | Adverse events |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Orozco (Orozco et al., 2011) | 2011 | Phase 1/2 | Autologous BM-MSCs | 1.0 × 107 | 10 | Significant improvement in VAS, OD,SF-36 | 12 | None |
| Elabd (Elabd et al., 2016) | 2016 | case series | Autologous BM-MSCs | 1.5 × 107–5.2 × 107 | 5 | Improvement in strength and mobility | 48–60 | None |
| Henriksson (Henriksson et al., 2019) | 2019 | case series | Autologous BM-MSCs | 1.0 × 106 | 4 | Not mentioned | 8–28 | One deterioration in low back pain |
| Noriega (Noriega et al., 2017) | 2017 | RCT, Phase 1/2 | Allogenic BM-MSCs | 2.5 × 107 | 12 | Significant improvement in VAS and OD | 12 | None |
| Amirdelfan (Amirdelfan et al., 2021) | 2021 | RCT, Phase 2 | Allogenic BM-MSCs | 6.0 × 106–1.8 × 107 | 60 | Improvement in VAS and ODI | 36 | One implantation site infection |
| Kumar (Kumar et al., 2017) | 2017 | Phase I | Autologous AD-MSCs | 2.0 × 107–4.0 × 107 | 10 | Significant improvement in VAS, ODI, SF-36 | 12 | None |
| Haufe (Haufe and Mork, 2006) | 2006 | case series | Autologous HSCs | NA | 10 | No improvement in pain | 12 | None |
| Pang (Pang et al., 2014) | 2014 | case series | Allogenic UC-MSCs | 1.0 × 107 | 2 | Improvement in VAS and ODI | 24 | None |
| Lewandrowski (Lewandrowski et al., 2023) | 2023 | case series | Allogenic UC-MSCs | 5.0 × 106 | 33 | Significant improvement in VAS and ODI | 24 | None |
| Mochida (Mochida et al., 2015) | 2015 | case series | Autologous NP cells | 1.0 × 106 | 9 | Improvement in JOA score and lumbar back pain | 36 | None |
| Beall (Beall et al., 2021) | 2021 | RCT | Allogenic spine-derived cells | >6.0 × 106 | 123 | Significant improvement in ODI and VAS | 12 | 2/141 SAEs |
| Coric (Coric et al., 2013) | 2013 | Phase 1 | Allogenic chondrocytes | 1.0 × 107–2.0 × 107 | 15 | Significant improvement in NRS, ODI, and SF-36 | 12 | None |
| Tschugg (Tschugg et al., 2017) | 2017 | RCT, Phase 1/2 | Autologous disc-derived chondrocytes | 3.6 × 106–4.4 × 106 | 12 | Not mentioned | 1.5 | 6/12 TEAEs |
| Comella (Comella et al., 2017) | 2017 | case series | Autologous SVF cells/PRP | 3.0 × 107–6.0 × 107 | 15 | Significant improvement in VAS, PPI, and SF-12 | 12 | None |
| Pettine (Pettine et al., 2015) | 2015 | case series | Autologous BMC | 1.2 × 107 | 26 | Significant improvement in ODI, VAS | 12 | None |
| Tuakli-Wosornu (Tuakli-Wosornu et al., 2016) | 2016 | RCT | PRP | NA | 29 | Significant improvement in NRS and function | 12 | None |
| Akeda (Akeda et al., 2022) | 2022 | RCT | PRP | NA | 9 | Significant improvement in RDQ and JOABPEQ | 60 | One post-injection pain |
BM, bone marrow-derived; MSC, mesenchymal stem cell; VAS, visual analog scale; ODI, oswestry disability index; SF, Short Form. RCT, randomized controlled trial; AD, adipose-derived; HSC, hematopoietic precursor stem cell; UC, umbilical cord-derived; NP, nucleus pulposus. JOA, japanese orthopedic association; SAEs, serious adverse events; TEAEs, treatment-related adverse events; SVF, stromal vascular fraction. PRP, platelet-rich plasma; PPI, present pain index; BMC, bone marrow concentrate; NRS, numeric rating scale; RDQ, roland morris disability questionnaire. BPEQ, back pain evaluation questionnaire.