Table 1.
Participant demographic and clinical characteristics for empathic accuracy (EA) sample
| Sample with EA fMRI data | P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Full sample (n = 174) |
Aut (n = 59) |
SSD (n = 56) |
TDC (n = 59) |
||
| Age (years) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 24.1 (± 4.62) | 21.2 (± 3.97) | 25.3 (± 4.54) | 25.8 (± 3.93) | |
| Median [Min, Max] | 24.0 [16.0, 34.0] | 21.0 [16.0, 33.0] | 24.5 [18.0, 34.0] | 26.0 [17.0, 34.0] | |
| Sex | 0.07 | ||||
| Female | 74 (43%) | 23 (39%) | 19 (34%) | 32 (54%) | |
| Male | 100 (57%) | 36 (61%) | 37 (66%) | 27 (46%) | |
| Handedness | 0.10 | ||||
| Right | 144 (83%) | 49 (83%) | 47 (84%) | 48 (81%) | |
| Left | 19 (11%) | 7 (12%) | 2 (4%) | 10 (17%) | |
| Mixed | 1 (1%) | 1 (2%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Missing | 10 (5.7%) | 2 (3.4%) | 7 (12.5%) | 1 (1.7%) | |
| Race | < 0.001 | ||||
| White | 97 (56%) | 44 (75%) | 18 (32%) | 35 (59%) | |
| Black or African American | 27 (16%) | 1 (2%) | 18 (32%) | 8 (14%) | |
| Asian | 32 (18%) | 4 (7%) | 13 (23%) | 15 (25%) | |
| More than one race | 13 (7%) | 6 (10%) | 6 (11%) | 1 (2%) | |
| Other | 5 (3%) | 4 (7%) | 1 (2%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Ethnicity | 0.02 | ||||
| Hispanic or Latino | 16 (9%) | 9 (15%) | 6 (11%) | 1 (2%) | |
| Not Hispanic or Latino | 158 (91%) | 50 (85%) | 50 (89%) | 58 (98%) | |
| Education (years) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 14.3 (± 2.47) | 12.7 (± 2.13) | 13.8 (± 1.76) | 16.4 (± 1.86) | |
| Median [Min, Max] | 14.0 [10.0, 20.0] | 12.0 [10.0, 19.0] | 13.0 [10.0, 18.0] | 16.0 [11.0, 20.0] | |
| Estimated IQ | 0.08 | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 113 (± 12.6) | 115 (± 13.8) | 110 (± 12.3) | 113 (± 11.2) | |
| Median [Min, Max] | 115 [73.0, 145] | 117 [73.0, 145] | 113 [77.0, 127] | 116 [79.0, 129] | |
| BSFS Total | < 0.001 | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 147 (± 32.8) | 125 (± 25.0) | 137 (± 26.1) | 178 (± 18.5) | |
| Median [Min, Max] | 145 [54.0, 217] | 127 [54.0, 180] | 136 [75.0, 207] | 178 [135, 217] | |
| BPRS Total | 0.03 | ||||
| Mean (SD) | - | 27.2 (± 4.9) | 30.8 (± 8.29) | - | |
| Median [Min, Max] | - | 27.0 [18.0, 40.0] | 30.0 [19.0, 54.0] | - | |
| ADOS-CSS (Aut Only) | |||||
| Mean (SD) | - | 6.39 (± 2.21) | - | - | |
| Median [Min, Max] | - | 7.00 [1.00, 10.0] | - | - | |
| SANS Total (SSD Only) | |||||
| Mean (SD) | - | - | 30.8 (± 8.29) | - | |
| Median [Min, Max] | - | - | 30.0 [19.0, 54.0] | - | |
Demographic and clinical characteristics for the full sample with usable empathic accuracy (EA) fMRI data. Age, education, and estimated IQ were compared across groups using non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis Rank Sum Tests given non-equal distributions. Sex was compared across groups using Chi-Square Test, whereas handedness, race, and ethnicity were compared using Fisher’s Exact Tests given cell values were < 5. Aut: autism; SSD: schizophrenia spectrum disorders; TDC: typically developing controls; BSFS: Birchwood Social Functioning Scale; BPRS: Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; ADOS-CSS: Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule - Calibrated Severity Scores; SANS: Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms