Table 1.

Effects of altered incubation conditions on muscle growth and development

No.	Species	Incubation condition	Specific changes	Muscle changes	References
1	Chicken	Change in temperature and oxygen level	Embryo day 11–20 in low oxygen and high temperature	Causes muscle lesions	117
2	Chicken	Transient temperature change	Embryo day 10 was placed at a high temperature of 38.8 °C	Changes in gene transcription levels that affect muscle development	118
3	Chicken	Monochromatic stimulation	Monochromatic green light for stimulation	Affects satellite cell activity, gene expression, and muscle growth	119,120
4	Chicken	Drug stimulation	Glibenclamide drug applications	Increased muscle tone	121
5	Chicken	Intraembryonic feeding techniques	Delivery of bioactive to chicken embryos at the final stage of incubation using the in-ovo technique	Affects muscle metabolism and development	45
6	Chicken	Changes in temperature and exposure time after incubation	Treatment period immediately after hatching (exposure to cold or heat stress)	Affects muscle growth and morphology	122
7	Duck	Incubation persistent heat stress	Temperature increased by 1 °C in embryo day 11–20	Affects muscle growth related-gene expression	123
8	Chicken	Continuous temperature change	Exposure to 38.8 °C for hyperthermia treatment at embryonic day 10–14	Affects body weight, plasma parameters, and meat quality	124
9	Chicken	Transient temperature change	Exposure to 38.8 °C for hyperthermia treatment at embryonic days 7–10 and 10–13	Affects gene transcription and muscle development	125
11	Chicken	Incubation persistent heat stress	Temperature increased by 1 °C in embryo day 10–27	Affects muscle development and activates endoplasmic reticulum stress	126
12	Chicken	Maternal immunization	Maternal injection of 0.5 mg myostatin	Inhibited growth and reduced body weight and muscle mass in young chicks	127
13	Chicken	Egg supplementation with probiotics	Eggs were sprayed with different probiotics: Lactobacillus paracasei DUP 13076 (LP) and L. rhamnosus NRRL B 442 (LR) before and during incubation.	Promotes muscle growth and development	128
14	Chicken	Glycerol injection	Glycerol injection into eggs on the day of incubation ED 17–18 days	Affects muscle and liver metabolism	129
15	Duck	Increased incubation temperature	Increase incubation temperature by 1 °C throughout the incubation cycle	Affects DNA methylation in leg muscles, gene expression, and enzyme activity	130,131