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. 2024 Sep 9;43:143. doi: 10.1186/s41043-024-00635-y

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — The dose-response relationship between dietary choline intake and asthma, pulmonary inflammation and lung function indicators in adult females. The red line represented the estimated β or OR and the red shading around it represented its 95% confidence intervals. OR: odds ratio; FENO: fractional exhaled nitric oxide; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in one second; FVC: forced vital capacity; PEF: peak expiratory flow rate. (A)The relationship between ln-choline and asthma in adult females. (B) The relationship between ln-choline and ln-FENO in adult females. (C) The relationship between ln-choline and ln-FEV1 in adult females. (D) The relationship between ln-choline and ln-FVC in adult females. (E) The relationship between ln-choline and ln-(FEV1/FVC) in adult females. (F) The relationship between ln-choline and ln-PEF in adult females. (G) The relationship between ln-choline and ln-predicted FEV1% in adult females. (H) The relationship between ln-choline and ln-predicted FVC% in adult females. Adjusted for age, race, marital status, education level, PIR, obesity status, physical activity, blood cotinine, family history of asthma, menopausal status, folate DFE, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, history of diabetes and hypertension