Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study population
| Variables | Male (N = 3147) |
Female (N = 3426) |
P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 56.26 ± 10.38 | 56.59 ± 10.54 | P = 0.1916 |
| Race (%) | P = 0.1572 | ||
| Non-Hispanic White | 74.56 | 73.05 | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 7.80 | 9.47 | |
| American Mexican | 6.22 | 6.59 | |
| Other Hispanic | 5.05 | 4.68 | |
| Other races | 6.37 | 6.22 | |
| PIR (%) | P < 0.0001 | ||
| ≤ 1.3 | 15.93 | 19.48 | |
| > 1.3 and ≤ 3.5 | 31.83 | 33.94 | |
| > 3.5 | 52.25 | 46.58 | |
| BMI (%) | P < 0.0001 | ||
| Normal (< 25 kg/m2) | 20.57 | 28.30 | |
| Overweight (25–30 kg/m2) | 41.72 | 30.32 | |
| Obesity (≥ 30 kg/m2) | 37.71 | 41.38 | |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 104.79 ± 14.43 | 98.93 ± 15.87 | P < 0.0001 |
| Education (%) | P = 0.5767 | ||
| Less than High school | 17.13 | 16.30 | |
| High school | 20.70 | 21.92 | |
| College or above | 62.16 | 61.74 | |
| Smoking (%) | P < 0.0001 | ||
| Never | 43.87 | 57.89 | |
| Former | 36.78 | 25.55 | |
| Current | 19.35 | 16.56 | |
| Alcohol (%) | P < 0.0001 | ||
| < 12 drinks/year | 13.66 | 32.54 | |
| ≥ 12 drinks/year | 86.34 | 67.46 | |
| Diabetes (%) | P < 0.0001 | ||
| Yes | 21.06 | 17.11 | |
| No | 78.94 | 82.89 | |
| Hypertension (%) | P = 0.7308 | ||
| Yes | 42.89 | 42.47 | |
| No | 57.11 | 57.53 | |
| CHF (%) | P = 0.0045 | ||
| Yes | 3.77 | 2.86 | |
| No | 95.93 | 97.10 | |
| CHD (%) | P < 0.0001 | ||
| Yes | 6.39 | 2.62 | |
| No | 93.27 | 97.03 | |
| Angina (%) | P = 0.0365 | ||
| Yes | 3.27 | 2.24 | |
| No | 96.54 | 97.59 | |
| Heart attack (%) | P < 0.0001 | ||
| Yes | 6.65 | 2.96 | |
| No | 93.28 | 96.87 | |
| Stroke (%) | P = 0.0733 | ||
| Yes | 3.11 | 3.57 | |
| No | 96.66 | 96.39 | |
| Cancer (%) | P = 0.6690 | ||
| Yes | 12.76 | 13.09 | |
| No | 87.15 | 86.75 | |
| COPD (%) | P = 0.8478 | ||
| Yes | 4.88 | 4.44 | |
| No | 95.07 | 95.53 | |
| Hypoglycemic drugs or insulin users (%) | P = 0.0168 | ||
| Yes | 5.80 | 4.49 | |
| No | 94.20 | 95.51 | |
| Lipid-lowering drug users (%) | P < 0.0001 | ||
| Yes | 29.24 | 23.48 | |
| No | 70.76 | 76.52 | |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 49.24 ± 14.63 | 60.71 ± 17.96 | P < 0.0001 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 116.18 ± 35.98 | 120.81 ± 35.54 | P < 0.0001 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2) | 88.95 ± 20.42 | 86.40 ± 18.53 | P < 0.0001 |
| TyG index | 8.77 ± 0.63 | 8.62 ± 0.61 | P < 0.0001 |
| Klotho (pg/ml) | 822.88 ± 280.41 | 870.02 ± 316.13 | P < 0.0001 |
BMI: Body mass index; PIR: Poverty income ratio; CHF: Congestive heart failure; CHD: Coronary heart disease; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate