Table 2b.

Themes and illustrative quotes from in-depth interviews with married men, Kano, Nigeria.

Themes	Illustrative quotes
IPV experiences	Pre-existing violence “Even before COVID, there was violence. At times I shouted at her when we had disagreements, and she also retaliated. Sometimes I kept quiet, especially when I sensed it might escalate. Occasionally, it led to physical fights.” - Bricklayer, 47
	Escalation during COVID-19 “I experienced violence from my wife even before COVID-19. This worsened during the lockdown. I came home, observed the house untidy, and when I enquired, she yelled at me. I was so angry; I even slapped her. With the prolonged stay-at-home during COVID, and no income, things only got worse.” - Farmer, 30.
	Changes in previously peaceful relationships “Before COVID-19 we lived peacefully. But it all changed during the lockdown because I couldn’t bring home the things I used to. She mocked me, and it led to verbal exchanges and occasional brawls.” - Businessman, 32.
Perceived causes/precipitating factors	Economic strain and financial conflicts “I don’t know why suddenly my wife became irritable. I blame the disruptive effects of the COVID-19 lockdown and economic hardship.” - Trader, 28.
	Childbirth and financial strain “She wanted me to spend lavishly as before despite the economic downturn. We had our first child during the pandemic, and violence escalated.” - Businessman, 27.
	Intolerance of mistreatment and abuse towards parents “I asked her to leave because she was disrespectful to my parents. Luckily, we reconciled after COVID.” - Car washer, 30.
	Lack of affection and misunderstandings “She prepared breakfast, but I told her I would skip it as usual. She misconstrued it as a lack of love, suspecting I preferred someone else’s cooking.” - Tea seller, 28.
	Disagreements over child discipline “She maltreated our children. I advised her, but it led to violence. I left the house to avoid escalation.” - Teacher, 37.
	Insecurity and suspicions leading to violence “She slapped me suspecting a romantic chat with a potential second wife. I forgave her.” - Trader, 37.
Coping with violence	Use of the “Silent Treatment” “When angry, I kept quiet and left the house to calm down. I returned when she had calmed down too.” - Vegetable seller, 32.
	Financial sanctions for control “I stopped attending to her financial needs. When she apologized, we continued as normal. The lifeline of the marriage is with men; patience is crucial.” - Teacher, 37.
Marriage type	Improved communication and active participation “Peace is enhanced through good communication and supporting one’s spouse. During the lockdown, I did things I didn’t use to do, like helping with domestic work. I revealed my secrets and promised never to cheat.” - Car parts dealer, 39.