Table 2. Risk of incident PD in 3-year follow-up.
| Variables | Parkinson’s disease | ||||||||
| Without | With | Unadjusted model | Adjusted model | ||||||
| N | % | N | % | HR (95% CI) | p-value | HR (95% CI) | p-value |
Adjusted
p-value† |
|
| Patient group | |||||||||
| Sulfonylureas use | 77,343 | 99.51 | 384 | 0.49 | Reference | Reference | |||
| DPP-4 use | |||||||||
| cDDD <75 | 10,680 | 99.51 | 53 | 0.49 | 1.00 (0.75-1.33) | 0.998 | 0.95 (0.71-1.27) | 0.728 | 0.886 |
| cDDD 75-150 | 6,461 | 99.48 | 34 | 0.52 | 1.06 (0.75-1.50) | 0.748 | 1.06 (0.75-1.50) | 0.750 | 0.886 |
| cDDD >150 | 8,628 | 99.39 | 53 | 0.61 | 1.24 (0.93-1.65) | 0.147 | 1.30 (0.97-1.73) | 0.078 | 0.263 |
| cDDD (Mean ± SD) | 135.92 ± 112.20 | 147.06 ± 113.13 | 1.01 (0.99-1.02) | 0.135 | 1.01 (0.99-1.02) | 0.070 | 0.220 | ||
| Gender | |||||||||
| Female | 46,838 | 99.49 | 241 | 0.51 | Reference | Reference | |||
| Male | 56,274 | 99.50 | 283 | 0.50 | 0.98 (0.82-1.16) | 0.795 | 1.13 (0.95-1.35) | 0.166 | 0.359 |
| Age (year) | |||||||||
| 50-64 | 69,265 | 99.81 | 135 | 0.19 | Reference | Reference | |||
| 65-74 | 21,583 | 99.14 | 188 | 0.86 | 4.45 (3.57-5.56) | <0.001 | 3.82 (3.04-4.79) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| ≥75 | 12,264 | 98.39 | 201 | 1.61 | 8.35 (6.71-10.38) | <0.001 | 6.40 (5.06-8.11) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Income level | |||||||||
| ≤21,000 | 40,008 | 99.43 | 228 | 0.57 | Reference | Reference | |||
| 21,001-33,000 | 37,098 | 99.43 | 214 | 0.57 | 1.01 (0.84-1.22) | 0.898 | 1.13 (0.92-1.40) | 0.249 | 0.589 |
| ≥33,001 | 26,006 | 99.69 | 82 | 0.31 | 0.55 (0.43-0.71) | <0.001 | 0.87 (0.67-1.13) | 0.304 | 0.438 |
| Urbanization | |||||||||
| Level 1 | 27,803 | 99.62 | 107 | 0.38 | Reference | Reference | |||
| Level 2 | 32,671 | 99.52 | 157 | 0.48 | 1.25 (0.98-1.60) | 0.077 | 1.21 (0.94-1.55) | 0.134 | 0.359 |
| Level 3 | 17,059 | 99.61 | 67 | 0.39 | 1.02 (0.75-1.39) | 0.895 | 0.93 (0.68-1.26) | 0.623 | 0.778 |
| Level 4 | 14,534 | 99.33 | 98 | 0.67 | 1.75 (1.33-2.30) | <0.001 | 1.23 (0.93-1.63) | 0.149 | 0.359 |
| Level 5 | 2,250 | 98.81 | 27 | 1.19 | 3.10 (2.03-4.73) | <0.001 | 1.80 (1.17-2.76) | 0.008 | 0.037 |
| Level 6 | 4,613 | 98.97 | 48 | 1.03 | 2.69 (1.92-3.79) | <0.001 | 1.89 (1.33-2.69) | <0.001 | 0.002 |
| Level 7 | 4,182 | 99.52 | 20 | 0.48 | 1.24 (0.77-2.00) | 0.375 | 0.86 (0.53-1.39) | 0.530 | 0.739 |
| DCSI score | |||||||||
| 0 | 57,186 | 99.70 | 171 | 0.30 | Reference | Reference | |||
| 1 | 19,189 | 99.48 | 101 | 0.52 | 1.76 (1.38-2.25) | <0.001 | 1.39 (1.08-1.80) | 0.012 | 0.039 |
| ≥2 | 26,737 | 99.07 | 252 | 0.93 | 3.14 (2.59-3.82) | <0.001 | 1.71 (1.36-2.15) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Enrolled year | |||||||||
| 2009 | 12,808 | 99.41 | 76 | 0.59 | Reference | Reference | |||
| 2010 | 18,891 | 99.45 | 105 | 0.55 | 0.94 (0.70-1.26) | 0.665 | 0.89 (0.67-1.20) | 0.455 | 0.679 |
| 2011 | 24,684 | 99.47 | 132 | 0.53 | 0.90 (0.68-1.20) | 0.471 | 0.85 (0.63-1.15) | 0.288 | 0.444 |
| 2012 | 23,984 | 99.52 | 116 | 0.48 | 0.82 (0.61-1.09) | 0.166 | 0.90 (0.66-1.22) | 0.482 | 0.691 |
| 2013 | 22,745 | 99.58 | 95 | 0.42 | 0.70 (0.52-0.95) | 0.023 | 0.84 (0.61-1.15) | 0.275 | 0.303 |
| Hypertension | |||||||||
| No | 58,653 | 99.62 | 226 | 0.38 | Reference | Reference | |||
| Yes | 44,459 | 99.33 | 298 | 0.67 | 1.74 (1.46-2.07) | <0.001 | 0.99 (0.82-1.19) | 0.896 | 0.895 |
| Hyperlipidemia | |||||||||
| No | 86,778 | 99.52 | 419 | 0.48 | Reference | Reference | |||
| Yes | 16,334 | 99.36 | 105 | 0.64 | 1.33 (1.07-1.65) | 0.009 | 1.04 (0.83-1.30) | 0.747 | 0.886 |
| Hyperuricemia | |||||||||
| No | 102,107 | 99.50 | 516 | 0.50 | Reference | Reference | |||
| Yes | 1,005 | 99.21 | 8 | 0.79 | 1.57 (0.78-3.16) | 0.204 | 1.05 (0.52-2.12) | 0.888 | 0.895 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | |||||||||
| No | 97,012 | 99.54 | 449 | 0.46 | Reference | Reference | |||
| Yes | 6,100 | 98.79 | 75 | 1.21 | 2.65 (2.07-3.38) | <0.001 | 1.16 (0.89-1.51) | 0.262 | 0.438 |
| Coronary artery disease | |||||||||
| No | 95,146 | 99.53 | 447 | 0.47 | Reference | Reference | |||
| Yes | 7,966 | 99.04 | 77 | 0.96 | 2.05 (1.61-2.61) | <0.001 | 1.02 (0.78-1.32) | 0.890 | 0.895 |
| Arrhythmia | |||||||||
| No | 98,913 | 99.52 | 477 | 0.48 | Reference | Reference | |||
| Yes | 4,199 | 98.89 | 47 | 1.11 | 2.31 (1.71-3.12) | <0.001 | 1.12 (0.82-1.53) | 0.487 | 0.739 |
| Heart failure | |||||||||
| No | 100,452 | 99.52 | 488 | 0.48 | Reference | Reference | |||
| Yes | 2,660 | 98.66 | 36 | 1.34 | 2.77 (1.98-3.89) | <0.001 | 1.05 (0.73-1.51) | 0.795 | 0.886 |
| Anxiety | |||||||||
| No | 95,299 | 99.54 | 444 | 0.46 | Reference | Reference | |||
| Yes | 7,813 | 98.99 | 80 | 1.01 | 2.19 (1.73-2.78) | <0.001 | 1.78 (1.39-2.27) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Depression | |||||||||
| No | 102,553 | 99.50 | 517 | 0.50 | Reference | Reference | |||
| Yes | 559 | 98.76 | 7 | 1.24 | 2.47 (1.17-5.21) | 0.017 | 1.71 (0.81-3.65) | 0.162 | 0.359 |
| Chronic kidney disease | |||||||||
| No | 101,940 | 99.51 | 505 | 0.49 | Reference | Reference | |||
| Yes | 1,172 | 98.40 | 19 | 1.60 | 3.26 (2.06-5.15) | <0.001 | 1.40 (0.88-2.25) | 0.160 | 0.359 |
| Obesity | |||||||||
| No | 102,778 | 99.50 | 521 | 0.50 | Reference | Reference | |||
| Yes | 334 | 99.11 | 3 | 0.89 | 1.77 (0.57-5.49) | 0.326 | 2.07 (0.66-6.45) | 0.211 | 0.405 |
†Adjusted p-value obtained through the Bonferroni adjustment test.