Table 1.

What has molecular science done for brain health in the past 20 years?

Advance	Example(s)
Gene therapy	infant ataxias, including SMA
Drug re-purposing	tPA for ischemic stroke; thalidomide in neuro-oncology; ketamine in major depressive disorder
Biochemical markers for detection of brain pathologies in living humans	p-Tau217, etc. in AD. NF-L in AD and related dementias
Therapeutic antibodies and other immune modulators	Tysabri™ for MS Aducanumab, Lecanumab, Donanemab for AD

Abbreviations: AD: Alzheimer disease; MS: multiple sclerosis; SMA: spinal muscular atrophy.