Table 3.
Nobel prizes for physiology & medicine and for chemistry 2002–2023.
| Year | Physiology & Medicine Laureates | Physiology & Medicine Subject Area | Chemistry Laureates | Chemistry Subject Area |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2002 | Sydney Brenner (South Africa/UK) H. Robert Horvitz (USA) John E. Sulston (UK) |
Genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death | John B. Fenn (USA) Tanaka Koichi (Japan) Kurt Wüthrich (Switzerland) |
NMR and mass spectrometry techniques, to analyze proteins and other large molecules |
| 2003 | Peter Mansfield (UK) Paul Lauterbur (USA) |
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | Peter Agre (USA) Rod MacKinnon (USA) |
Aquaporins and X-ray crystal structure of ionic channels |
| 2004 | Linda B Buck (USA) Richard Axel (USA) |
Odorant receptors and organization of the olfactory system | Aaron Ciechanover (Israel) Avram Hershko (Israel) Irwin Rose (USA) |
Ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation |
| 2005 | Barry J. Marshall (Australia) J. Robin Warren (Australia) |
Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer | Yves Chauvin (France) Robert H. Grubbs (USA) Richard R. Schrock (USA) |
Metathesis, a novel, non-polluting form of organic synthesis (“green chemistry”) |
| 2006 | Andrew Z. Fire (USA) Craig C. Mello (USA) |
Gene silencing by RNA interference (RNAi) | Roger D Kornberg (USA) | Molecular basis of genomic DNA transcription |
| 2007 | Mario R. Capecchi (Italy/USA) Martin J. Evans (UK) Oliver Smithies (UK/USA) |
Transgenic mice, derived from genetically altered embryonic stem cells | Gerhard Ertl (Germany) | Surface chemistry at gas-solid interfaces |
| 2008 | Harald zur Hausen (Germany) Françoise Barré-Sinoussi (France) Luc Montagnier (France) |
Discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer, and of HIV | Martin Chalfie (USA) Osamu Shimomura (USA) Roger Y. Tsien (USA) |
Green fluorescent protein, GFP |
| 2009 | Elizabeth H. Blackburn (USA/Australia) Carol W. Greider (USA) Jack W. Szostak (USA) |
Chromosomal telomeres and the enzyme telomerase | Venkatraman Ramakrishnan (USA) Thomas Steitz (USA) Ada Yonath (Israel) |
Structure and function of the ribosome |
| 2010 | Robert G Edwards (UK) | In vitro fertilization | Richard F. Heck (USA) Negishi Ei-ichi (USA) Suzuki Akira (Japan) |
Palladium-based catalysis to synthesize complex organic molecules |
| 2011 | Bruce A. Beutler (USA) Jules A. Hoffmann (France/Luxembourg) Ralph M. Steinman (Canada) |
Role of Toll-like receptors, and dendritic cells, in innate immunity | Daniel Shechtman (Israel) | Quasicrystals in metal alloys, with symmetrical but non-repeating atomic structure |
| 2012 | John B. Gurdon (UK) Shinya Yamanaka (Japan) |
Reprogramming of mature cells to become pluripotent, via a small number of transcription factors (“Yamanaka factors”) | Brian K. Kobilka (USA) Robert J. Lefkowitz (USA) |
Structure and function of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) |
| 2013 | James E. Rothman (USA) Randy W. Schekman (USA) Thomas C. Südhof (Germany/USA) |
Vesicular trafficking within cells | Martin Karplus (Austria/USA) Michael Levitt (UK/USA/Israel) Arieh Warshel (Israel/USA) |
Quantum molecular models for complex chemical systems |
| 2014 | John O'Keefe (UK/USA) May-Britt Moser (Norway) Edvard I. Moser (Norway) |
Hippocampal “place” neurons, activated when an animal enters a specific location | Eric Betzig (USA) Stefan W. Hell (Germany) William E. Moerner (USA) |
Super-resolution fluorescence microscopy |
| 2015 | William C. Campbell (Ireland/USA) Satoshi Ōmura (Japan) Tu Youyou (China) |
Novel therapies against roundworm parasites, and malaria | Tomas Lindahl (Sweden) Paul Modrich (USA) Aziz Sancar (Turkey/USA) |
Mechanisms of DNA repair |
| 2016 | Yoshinori Ohsumi (Japan) | Mechanisms for autophagy | Jean-Pierre Sauvage (France) J. Fraser Stoddart (UK) Bernard Feringa (Netherlands) |
Design and synthesis of interlocking molecules (“molecular machines”) |
| 2017 | Jeffrey C. Hall (USA) Michael Rosbash (USA) Michael W. Young (USA) |
Molecular mechanisms controlling circadian rhythms | Jacques Dubochet (Switzerland) Joachim Frank (Germany/USA) Richard Henderson (UK) |
Cryo-electron microscopy for structure determination of biological molecules in solution |
| 2018 | James P. Allison (USA) Tasuku Honjo (Japan) |
Inhibition of negative immune regulation (T-cell receptors, endogenous inhibitors) | George P. Smith (USA) Gregory P. Winter (UK) Frances Arnold (USA) |
Phage display for directed evolution of antibodies; artificial evolution of enzymes |
| 2019 | Peter J. Ratcliffe (UK) William Kaelin Jr. (USA) Gregg L. Semenza (USA) |
How cells respond to hypoxia (HIF1a, HIF1b, EPO) | John B. Goodenough (USA) M. Stanley Whittingham (UK/USA) Yoshino Akira (Japan) |
Lithium-ion batteries |
| 2020 | Harvey J. Alter (USA) Michael Houghton (UK) Charles M. Rice (USA) |
Discovery of Hepatitis C virus | Emmanuelle Charpentier (France) Jennifer Doudna (USA) |
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-Cas9 (CRISPR) a method for genome editing |
| 2021 | David Julius (USA) Ardem Patapoutian (Lebanon/USA) |
Receptors for Pain, heat and touch (including TRPV1) | Benjamin List (Germany) David W.C. MacMillan (UK/USA) |
Asymmetric organo-catalysis to synthesize a particular optical isomer |
| 2022 | Svante Pääbo (Sweden) | Genomes of extinct hominins (e.g. Neanderthals) and association with COVID-19 | Carolyn R. Bertozzi (USA) Morten P. Meldal (Netherlands) K. Barry Sharpless (USA) |
Development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry |
| 2023 | Katalin Karikó (Hungary/USA), Drew Weissman (USA) | Nucleoside base modifications that enabled mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 | Moungi G. Bawendi, Louis E. Brus, Aleksey Yekimov (all USA) | Discovery and synthesis of quantum dots |
Information taken from: https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/.
Nationality given is the citizenship of the recipient at the time the award was made.