Table 1. Baseline characteristics between survivors and no-survivors.
| Characteristics | Survivor (n=7,153) | Non-survivor (n=2,581) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 64.77±16.82 | 70.51±14.98 | <0.001 |
| Gender | 0.40 | ||
| Male | 3,936 (55.03) | 1,445 (55.99) | |
| Female | 3,217 (44.97) | 1,136 (44.01) | |
| Ethnicity | <0.001 | ||
| White | 4,807 (67.20) | 1,687 (65.36) | |
| Black/African American | 810 (11.32) | 209 (8.10) | |
| Asian | 194 (2.71) | 76 (2.94) | |
| Unknown | 1,342 (18.76) | 609 (23.60) | |
| BMI* (kg/m2) | 28.01 (24.06–33.23) | 27.14 (23.43–32.37) | <0.001 |
| Comorbidity | |||
| Atrial fibrillation | 2,166 (30.28) | 977 (37.85) | <0.001 |
| Myocardial infarct | 1,262 (17.64) | 563 (21.81) | <0.001 |
| Congestive heart failure | 2,707 (37.84) | 941 (36.46) | 0.21 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 2,393 (33.45) | 782 (30.30) | 0.003 |
| Renal disease | 1,744 (24.38) | 693 (26.85) | 0.01 |
| Diabetes | 1,739 (24.31) | 599 (23.21) | 0.26 |
| Malignant cancer | 988 (13.81) | 584 (22.63) | <0.001 |
| Severe liver disease | 461 (6.44) | 329 (12.75) | <0.001 |
| Metastatic solid tumor | 377 (5.27) | 362 (14.03) | <0.001 |
| Charlson comorbidity | 5.93 (4.00–8.00) | 7.23 (5.00–9.00) | <0.001 |
| Severity scores | |||
| APSIII* | 48.00 (36.00–64.00) | 70.00 (51.00–91.00) | <0.001 |
| SOFA* | 6.00 (4.00–9.00) | 9.00 (6.00–13.00) | <0.001 |
| OASIS | 36.91±8.96 | 42.35±9.19 | <0.001 |
| Vital signs | |||
| PH* | 7.32 (7.24–7.38) | 7.28 (7.18–7.37) | <0.001 |
| SO2 (%) | 82.79±17.95 | 79.54±19.97 | <0.001 |
| Temperature (℃) | 36.84±0.92 | 36.58±1.09 | <0.001 |
| PO2min* (mmHg) | 61.00 (40.00–89.00) | 55.00 (38.00–81.00) | <0.001 |
| PCO2max* (mmHg) | 47.00 (40.00–57.00) | 47.00 (39.00–58.00) | 0.23 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 3.23±0.70 | 2.99±0.74 | <0.001 |
| BUN* (mg/dL) | 22.00 (14.00–36.00) | 28.00 (18.00–47.00) | <0.001 |
| WBC* (109 cells/L) | 11.60 (8.20–16.10) | 12.40 (8.40–17.70) | <0.001 |
| Platelets* (109 cells/L) | 212.00 (150.00–282.00) | 192.00 (119.00–276.75) | <0.001 |
| Glucose* (mg/dL) | 135.00 (109.00–178.00) | 140.00 (109.00–189.00) | 0.25 |
| LDH* (U/mL) | 300.00 (225.00–448.00) | 373.50 (259.00–641.75) | <0.001 |
| Lactate* (mmol/L) | 2.00 (1.30–3.30) | 2.80 (1.70–5.45) | <0.001 |
| Creatinine* (mg/dL) | 1.10 (0.80–1.70) | 1.30 (0.90–2.10) | <0.001 |
| BAR* (mg/g) | 7.35 (4.48–13.62) | 10.79 (6.25–18.81) | <0.001 |
| Mechanical ventilation | <0.001 | ||
| Non-invasive ventilation | 219 (3.15) | 37 (1.49) | |
| Invasive ventilation | 4,316 (62.11) | 1,766 (71.21) | |
| High flow | 876 (12.61) | 294 (11.85) | |
| Oxygen | 1,538 (22.13) | 383 (15.44) | |
| Vasopressor use | 313 (4.38) | 223 (8.64) | <0.001 |
Continuous variables conforming to normal distribution are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, whereas those not adhering to normal distribution are presented as median (interquartile range). Categorical variables are expressed as n (percentage). Skewed variables are marked with an asterisk. BMI, body mass index; ASPSIII, acute physiology score III; SOFA, sequential organ failure assessment; OASIS, Oxford Acute Severity of Illness Score; PH, pondus hydrogenii; SO2, oxygen saturation; PO2, partial pressure of oxygen; PCO2, partial pressure of carbon dioxide; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; WBC, white blood cell; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; BAR, blood urea nitrogen-to-albumin ratio.