Table 3. Risk factors for in-hospital mortality in patients with acute exacerbation of COPD.
| Variables | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | P value | OR | 95% CI | P value | ||
| Age | 1.112 | 1.007–1.228 | 0.03 | 1.157 | 1.025–1.306 | 0.01 | |
| Sex | 0.709 | 0.14–3.416 | 0.66 | – | – | – | |
| Smoking (pack-years) | 1.024 | 1.001–1.048 | 0.040 | – | – | – | |
| Body mass index | 0.874 | 0.728–1.048 | 0.14 | – | – | – | |
| Hypertension | 2.778 | 0.709–10.889 | 0.14 | – | – | – | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 0.682 | 0.143–3.260 | 0.63 | – | – | – | |
| Atrial fibrillation | 2.557 | 0.644–10.159 | 0.18 | – | – | – | |
| FVC (% pred) | 1.000 | 0.971–1.031 | 0.98 | – | – | – | |
| FEV1 (% pred) | 1.015 | 0.984–1.046 | 0.34 | – | – | – | |
| DLco | 0.970 | 0.934–1.007 | 0.11 | – | – | – | |
| White blood cells | 1.000 | 1.000–1.000 | 0.02 | – | – | – | |
| Neutrophil | 1.124 | 1.030–1.228 | 0.009 | – | – | – | |
| Eosinophil | 0.036 | 0.001–1.020 | 0.051 | 0.042 | 0.002–0.987 | 0.049 | |
| Hemoglobin | 0.905 | 0.666–1.228 | 0.52 | – | – | – | |
| Platelet count | 1.000 | 0.993–1.008 | 0.89 | – | – | – | |
| Creatinine | 0.981 | 0.235–4.102 | 0.97 | – | – | – | |
| C-reactive protein | 0.943 | 0.849–1.048 | 0.27 | – | – | – | |
| High-flow nasal cannula | 7.161 | 1.742–29.442 | 0.006 | 6.061 | 1.122–32.756 | 0.03 | |
| Non-invasive ventilation | 8.659 | 2.412–31.090 | 0.001 | 5.463 | 1.257–23.750 | 0.02 | |
| Intubation | 7.204 | 1.943–26.709 | 0.003 | 6.192 | 1.244–30.819 | 0.02 | |
| Systemic steroids | 1.986 | 0.416–9.475 | 0.38 | – | – | – | |
| PA/A ratio ≥1 | 0.318 | 0.040–2.540 | 0.28 | – | – | – | |
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; FVC, forced vital capacity; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; DLco, diffusion lung capacity of carbon monoxide; PA/A ratio, pulmonary artery-to-aorta ratio.