Table 1.

Exopolysaccharides from bacterial sources with types of chemical modification and their influenced properties.

EPS/sugar components	Bacterial strain	Source/origin of isolation	Type of modification	Key properties influenced	References
Levan	Bacillus subtilis NRC1aza	Mediterranean Sea shallow water	Sulfation	Strong free radical scavenging activity with DPPH, antitumor activity of SL1 against different human cancer cell lines, Cytotoxicity against human cell lines hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells, induced intrinsic apoptosis pathway in liver cancer cells.	Abdel-Fattah et al. (2012)
Levan	Paenibacillus polymyxa EJS-3	Root tissue of Stemona japonica (Blume) Miquel, traditional Chinese medicine	Acetylated, phosphorylated and benzoylated	Higher anti-proliferative activity against human gastric cancer BGC-823 cells, promising antioxidant and antitumor agents than native EPS.	Liu et al. (2012)
Glucose, galactose, galacturonic, glucuronic	Alteromonas infernus,	Originated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent	Sulfation	Anticoagulant activity observed in sulfated fraction. Inhibited osteoclast genesis in bone marrow stem cell models, reduced proliferation and accelerated osteoplastic differentiation	Guezennec et al. (1998) Ruiz Velasco et al. (2011)
(1 → 6)-α-dextran	Leuconostoc spp	Not mentioned	Carboxymethylation	Stronger scavenging capacity against OH radicals but lower scavenging capacity for DPPH radicals compared to that of pure dextran, highest glass transition temperature	Li et al. (2021)
Galactose, glucose and mannose	Lactobacillus helveticus MB2-1	Ropy fermented milk (Sayram) from Xinjiang of China	Acetylated, carboxymethylated and sulfated	Thermal properties and surface morphology were greatly changed. Antioxidant activities were enhanced after these modifications. However, sulphation contributed greatly toward chelation of ferrous ions and scavenging activity of radicals.	Xiao et al. (2020)
Glucose, galactose, and fucose and Glucuronic acid	Enterobacter sp. ACD2	Marine environment of Haqel Beach in the Tabuk region of Saudi Arabia	Sulfation	Sulfated EPS exhibited higher antibacterial activity against Staphyllococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. fibrinolytic and anticoagulation properties were also observed.	Almutairi and Helal (2021)
Glucose, mannose and galactose	Lactobacillus plantarum 70810	Chinese Paocai	Acetylation, carboxymethylation phosphorylation and	Compared with native EPS, the chemical derivatives exhibited larger antioxidant and antitumor activities.	Wang et al. (2015)
Tetrasaccharide of repeating unit composed of two aminosugars (N-acetyl-glucosamine, GlcNAc and N-acetyl-galactosamine, GalNAc) and two glucuronic acid (GlcA) units	Vibrio diabolicus HE800	Marine Deep-sea hydrothermal vents, originally isolated from the polychaete annelid Alvinella pompejana in the East Pacific Rise	Sulfated	Bone regeneration capacity, revealing to act as an efficient filler of bone defects in rat calvaria, without showing any inflammatory activity. persulfated derivative of HE800 EPS exhibit biological activities similar to sulfated glucosamine glycan's (GAGs) such as heparin and heparan sulphate	Esposito et al. (2022)
Se-EPS	Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis	Fermented food	Selenization	Se-EPS enhanced phagocytosis and increased nitric oxide (NO), IL-12, IL-6, IL-1, except IL-10 levels in mouse peritoneal macrophages. Invitro tests in mouse spleen revealed that Se-EPS stimulated mouse spleen lymphocyte proliferation, and markedly raised mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-2 and IL-6 in spleen cells. Compared to native EPS, Se-EPS exhibited stronger immunomodulatory action.	Pan et al. (2015)
Se-EPS	Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis	Fermented foods	Selenization	In lymphocytes, Se-EPS enhanced the levels of expression and phosphorylation of Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent kinase II. Increased lymphocyte proliferation and activation was witnessed through calcium signaling due to Se-EPS. Se-EPS at lower dose has potential to activate PKA, the calcium channel, NO, and cAMP pathways.	Liu et al. (2013)