Figure 1.

Literature flow diagram. Key Question 1: What is the uptake of different types of provider-to-provider telehealth in rural areas? Key Question 2: What is the effectiveness of provider-to-provider telehealth for rural patients? How does provider-to-provider telehealth affect outcomes for patients and populations? How does provider-to-provider telehealth affect outcomes for healthcare providers? How does provider-to-provider telehealth affect outcomes for private and public payers? Key Question 3: What strategies are effective and what are the barriers and facilitators to implementation and sustainability of provider-to-provider telehealth in rural areas? Key Question 4: What are the methodological weaknesses of the included studies of provider-to-provider telehealth for rural patients and what improvements in study design (e.g. focus on relevant comparisons and outcomes) might increase the impact of future research