Table 1.
Baseline characteristic of serum unsaturated fatty acid and saturated fatty acid in the NHANES study, 2011–2014
| Variables | Unsaturated fatty acid (N = 3719) | Saturated fatty acid (N = 3900) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | Survivors | Non-survivors | P | All | Survivors | Non-survivors | P | |
| Age ≥ 65 years | 796 (21.4) | 572 (16.8) | 224 (69.8) | < 0.001 | 859 (22.0) | 618 (17.4) | 241 (70.3) | < 0.001 |
| Male | 1797 (48.3) | 1605 (47.2) | 192 (59.8) | < 0.001 | 1880 (48.2) | 1678 (47.2) | 202 (58.9) | < 0.001 |
| Race | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Mexican American | 423 (11.4) | 401 (11.8) | 22 (6.9) | 446 (11.4) | 424 (11.9) | 22 (6.4) | ||
| Other Hispanic | 407 (10.9) | 391 (11.5) | 16 (5.0) | 396 (10.2) | 381 (10.7) | 15 (4.4) | ||
| Non-Hispanic White | 1599 (43.0) | 1398 (41.1) | 201 (62.6) | 1584 (40.6) | 1379 (38.8) | 205 (59.8) | ||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 753 (20.2) | 689 (20.3) | 64 (19.9) | 881 (22.6) | 807 (22.7) | 74 (21.6) | ||
| Non-Hispanic Asian | 451 (12.1) | 436 (12.8) | 15 (4.7) | 506 (13.0) | 486 (13.7) | 20 (5.8) | ||
| Other Race | 86 (2.3) | 83 (2.4) | 3 (0.9) | 87 (2.2) | 80 (2.2) | 7 (2.0) | ||
| Education level | 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||||
| < High school | 857 (23.0) | 758 (22.3) | 99 (30.8) | 897 (23.0) | 787 (22.1) | 110 (32.1) | ||
| High school | 866 (23.3) | 787 (23.2) | 79 (24.6) | 897 (23.0) | 813 (22.9) | 84 (24.5) | ||
| College or higher | 1996 (53.7) | 1853 (54.5) | 143 (44.5) | 2106 (54.0) | 1957 (55.0) | 149 (43.4) | ||
| FIP | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||||
| < 0.5 | 295 (7.9) | 278 (8.2) | 17 (5.3) | 307 (7.9) | 287 (8.1) | 20 (5.8) | ||
| 0.5-1 | 597 (16.1) | 536 (15.8) | 61 (19.0) | 625 (16.0) | 559 (15.7) | 66 (19.2) | ||
| 1–2 | 962 (25.9) | 850 (25.0) | 112 (34.9) | 1037 (26.6) | 915 (25.7) | 122 (35.6) | ||
| > 2 | 1865 (50.1) | 1734 (51.0) | 131 (40.8) | 1931 (49.5) | 1796 (50.5) | 135 (39.4) | ||
| Alcohol drinking | 0.646 | 0.724 | ||||||
| Never | 1071 (28.8) | 975 (28.7) | 96 (29.9) | 1105 (28.3) | 1005 (28.3) | 100 (29.2) | ||
| Ever | 2648 (71.2) | 2423 (71.3) | 225 (70.1) | 2795 (71.7) | 2552 (71.7) | 243 (70.8) | ||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 0.306 | 0.356 | ||||||
| < 25 | 1182 (31.8) | 1069 (31.5) | 113 (35.2) | 1272 (32.6) | 1152 (32.4) | 120 (35.0) | ||
| ≥ 25 < 30 | 1197 (32.2) | 1094 (32.2) | 103 (32.1) | 1242 (31.8) | 1129 (31.7) | 113 (32.9) | ||
| ≥ 30 | 1340 (36.0) | 1235 (36.3) | 105 (32.7) | 1386 (35.5) | 1276 (35.9) | 110 (32.1) | ||
| Abdominal obesity, cm | 0.107 | 0.258 | ||||||
| < 102 (Male) or < 88 (Female) | 1712 (46.0) | 1578 (46.4) | 134 (41.7) | 1819 (46.6) | 1669 (46.9) | 150 (43.7) | ||
| ≥ 102 (Male) or ≥ 88 (Female) | 2007 (54.0) | 1820 (53.6) | 187 (58.3) | 2081 (53.4) | 1888 (53.1) | 193 (56.3) | ||
| Losing weight | 0.256 | 0.156 | ||||||
| Yes | 2242 (60.3) | 2058 (60.6) | 184 (57.3) | 2379 (61.0) | 2182 (61.3) | 197 (57.4) | ||
| Increasing exercise | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Yes | 2211 (59.5) | 2051 (60.4) | 160 (49.8) | 2322 (59.5) | 2157 (60.6) | 165 (48.1) | ||
| Reducing salt diet | 0.002 | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Yes | 1909 (51.3) | 1716 (50.5) | 193 (60.1) | 2025 (51.9) | 1817 (51.1) | 208 (60.6) | ||
| Reducing fat diet | 0.488 | 0.595 | ||||||
| Yes | 2038 (54.8) | 1868 (55.0) | 170 (53.0) | 2134 (54.7) | 1951 (54.8) | 183 (53.4) | ||
| Daily intake | ||||||||
| Energy, kcal | 1954.0 (1450.0, 2582.0) | 1970.5 (1465.0, 2598.0) | 1754.0 (1301.5, 2382.5) | < 0.001 | 1956.0 (1446.0, 2573.0) | 1971.0 (1458.5, 2595.5) | 1755.0 (1318.0, 2369.0) | < 0.001 |
| Protein, gm | 75.4 (53.8, 102.5) | 76.2 (54.6, 103.3) | 68.1 (49.3, 93.6) | < 0.001 | 75.9 (53.8, 101.5) | 76.6 (54.6, 102.8) | 69.1 (49.0, 93.6) | < 0.001 |
| Carbohydrate, gm | 237.0 (170.3, 315.5) | 239.9 (172.1, 320.0) | 211.0 (155.9, 278.5) | < 0.001 | 235.5 (168.3, 313.3) | 237.7 (170.0, 317.4) | 211.0 (156.9, 279.1) | < 0.001 |
| Sugar, gm | 95.5 (59.0, 142.8) | 96.5 (58.7, 144.1) | 87.8 (59.5, 123.4) | 0.018 | 94.7 (57.7, 140.8) | 95.4 (57.4, 142.2) | 88.9 (61.6, 121.6) | 0.115 |
| Dietary fiber, gm | 14.9 (9.8, 21.9) | 15.0 (9.9, 22.1) | 13.9 (8.6, 19.9) | 0.005 | 14.9 (9.7, 22.2) | 15.1 (9.7, 22.5) | 14.1 (9.2, 19.6) | 0.015 |
| Total fat, gm | 72.5 (48.7, 102.3) | 73.2 (49.1, 102.5) | 64.9 (44.4, 96.4) | 0.008 | 72.2 (48.7, 101.6) | 72.7 (49.2, 102.4) | 64.2 (44.2, 96.1) | 0.007 |
| Total SFA, gm | 22.7 (14.7, 33.7) | 22.8 (14.7, 33.9) | 20.7 (13.9, 31.6) | 0.074 | 22.3 (14.5, 33.6) | 22.5 (14.6, 33.9) | 20.7 (13.6, 31.8) | 0.092 |
| Total MUFA, gm | 25.1 (16.6, 36.5) | 25.3 (16.8, 36.7) | 23.0 (15.0, 33.9) | 0.020 | 25.4 (16.6, 36.5) | 25.5 (16.9, 36.7) | 22.6 (14.7, 34.2) | 0.011 |
| Total PUFA, gm | 16. 2 (10.5, 24.8) | 16.4 (10.7, 24.9) | 14.2 (9.6, 23.4) | 0.007 | 16.4 (10.4, 24.7) | 16.5 (10.6, 24.8) | 14.7(9.3, 23.0) | 0.009 |
| Laboratory indicators | ||||||||
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 187.0 (161.0, 213.0) | 187.0 (162.0, 214.0) | 177.0 (153.0, 210.0) | < 0.001 | 186.0 (160.0, 213.8) | 186.0 (161.0, 214.0) | 178.0 (152.0, 213.0) | 0.005 |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 51.0 (43.0, 62.0) | 51.0 (43.0, 62.0) | 50.0 (42.0, 62.0) | 0.185 | 52.0 (43.0, 62.0) | 52.0 (43.0, 62.0) | 51.0 (42.0, 63.0) | 0.576 |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 110.0 (87.0, 134.0) | 111.0 (88.0, 135.0) | 98.0 (76.0, 127.0) | < 0.001 | 10.08 (86.0, 133.0) | 109.0 (87.0, 134.0) | 98.0 (76.0, 129.0) | < 0.001 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 97.0 (68.0, 146.0) | 96.0 (68.0, 144.0) | 106.0 (77.5, 160.0) | < 0.001 | 97.0 (68.0, 143.0) | 95.0 (67.0, 141.0) | 105.0 (77.0, 157.0) | < 0.001 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||||
| Diabetes | 432 (11.6) | 333 (9.8) | 99 (30.8) | < 0.001 | 459 (11.8) | 355 (10.0) | 104 (30.3) | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension | 1342 (36.1) | 1115 (32.8) | 227 (70.7) | < 0.001 | 1411 (36.2) | 1165 (32.8) | 246 (71.7) | < 0.001 |
| CHF | 142 (3.8) | 90 (2.6) | 52 (16.2) | < 0.001 | 145 (3.7) | 91 (2.6) | 54 (15.7) | < 0.001 |
| CHD | 147 (4.0) | 90 (2.6) | 57 (17.8) | < 0.001 | 156 (4.0) | 95 (2.7) | 61 (17.8) | < 0.001 |
| Angina | 102 (2.7) | 73 (2.1) | 29 (9.0) | < 0.001 | 107 (2.7) | 75 (2.1) | 32 (9.3) | < 0.001 |
| Heart attack | 145 (3.9) | 97 (2.9) | 48 (15.0) | < 0.001 | 156 (4.0) | 105 (3.0) | 51 (14.9) | < 0.001 |
| Stroke | 149 (4.0) | 101 (3.0) | 48 (15.0) | < 0.001 | 153 (3.9) | 102 (2.9) | 51 (14.9) | < 0.001 |
| Cancer | 339 (9.1) | 257 (7.6) | 82 (25.5) | < 0.001 | 357 (9.2) | 269 (7.6) | 88 (25.7) | < 0.001 |
“losing weight” and “increasing exercise” were assessed by the question “Are you now losing weight” and “Are you now increasing exercise”, respectively, collected by medical conditions recall interviews, “reducing salt diet, reducing fat diet” were assessed by the question “Have you done Dietary information (reducing salt diet and reducing fat diet)” collected by 24-hour dietary recall interviews, from which total energy intake was calculated using the US Department of Agriculture Automated Multiple-Pass Method; the Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI) is based on a comprehensive review of the original Healthy Eating Index and subsequent studies that included food components (energy, protein, carbohydrate, sugar, dietary fiber, total fat, total SFA, total MUFA and total PUFA. Abbreviations: FIP, family income to poverty ratio; BMI, body mass index, SFA, saturated fatty acids; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; CHF, congestive heart failure; CHD, coronary heart disease