Table 3.

Prevalence of physical punishment and psychological aggression by demographic and socio-economic factors in Mongolia, 2018.

Variables		Physical			Psychological
		Punishment			Aggression
		No (%)	Yes (%)	P-value	No (%)	Yes (%)	P-value
Sex of child	Male	63.19	36.8	<0.001	62.63	37.36	0.15
	Female	68.63	31.36		64.91	35.08
Child’s age	2	68.72	31.27	0.02	71.17	28.82	<0.001
	3	63.61	36.38		61.73	38.26
	4	65.2	34.79		58.66	41.33
Area	Capital city	62.02	37.97	0.02	62.97	37.02	0.21
	Aimag center	68.05	31.94		61.68	38.31
	Soum center	68.02	31.97		66.1	33.89
	Rural area	64.75	35.24		64.56	35.43
Region	Western	69.306	30.69	0.02	63.36	36.63	0.14
	Khangai	64.56	35.43		62.62	37.37
	Central	66.02	33.97		62.36	37.63
	Eastern	66.66	33.33		68.65	31.34
	Ulaanbaatar	62.02	37.97		62.97	37.02
Religion of household-head	No religion	66.83	33.16	0.10	67.85	32.14	<0.001
	Buddhist	64.47	35.52		60.4	39.59
	Muslim	70.24	29.75		63.36	36.63
	Others	59.87	40.12		59.87	40.12
Ethnicity of household-head	Khalkh	65.55	34.44	0.01	63.51	36.48	0.90
	Kazakh	72.38	27.61		64.67	35.32
	Others	61.82	38.17		64.01	35.98
Mother’s education level	Pre-primary or none	72.76	27.23	0.02	67.13	32.86	0.32
	Primary	64	36		63.2	36.8
	Basic (lower secondary)	70.06	29.93		67.39	32.6
	Upper secondary	65.71	34.28		62.58	37.41
	Vocational	62.77	37.22		62.17	37.82
	College, university	64.45	35.54		62.97	37.02
Wealth index quintile	Poorest	65.45	34.54	0.01	66.08	33.91	0.23
	Second	68.3	31.69		64.23	35.76
	Middle	67.98	32.01		62.9	37.09
	Fourth	65.28	34.71		61.62	38.37
	Richest	58.44	41.55		60.95	39.04
Child functional difficulties	Has difficulties	68.96	31.03	0.81	64.36	35.63	0.99
	No difficulties	65.74	34.25		63.71	36.28
Ever attended school or Early childhood program	Yes	65.63	34.36	0.12	63.62	36.37	0.37
	No	75	25		69.44	30.55

*ECP: Early Childhood Program; p-values obtained using chi-square tests.