Table 4.
Multilevel mixed-effect Poisson regression analysis of individual and regional-level factors associated with the prevalence of psychological aggression toward children under five in Mongolia, 2018.
| Characteristics fixed effect | Null Model | Model I aPRa [95% CI]b | Model II aPR [95% CI] | Model III aPR [95% CI] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex of child | Male (ref) | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Female | 0.94 (0.85, 1.05) | *** | 0.94 (0.85, 1.05) | ||||||
| Child’s age | 2(ref) | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| 3 | 1.32 (1.15, 1.52) | *** | 1.32 (1.15, 1.52) | *** | |||||
| 4 | 1.43 (1.25, 1.64) | 1.43 (1.25, 1.63) | *** | ||||||
| Child functional difficulties | Has difficulties(ref) | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| No difficulties | 1.04 (0.73, 1.49) | 1.03 (0.72, 1.47) | |||||||
| Mother’s education level | Pre-primary or none (ref) | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Primary | 1.06 (0.75, 1.50) | 1.07 (0.75, 1.52) | |||||||
| Basic (lower secondary) | 0.93 (0.67, 1.28) | 0.95 (0.69, 1.31) | |||||||
| Upper secondary | 1.06 (0.77, 1.46) | 1.08 (0.79, 1.49) | |||||||
| Vocational | 1.08 (0.78, 1.49) | 1.10 (0.79, 1.52) | |||||||
| College, university | 1.00 (0.72, 1.37) | *** | 1.02 (0.74, 1.40) | ||||||
| Religion of household-head | No religion (ref) | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Buddhist | 1.22 (1.09, 1.37) | 1.21 (1.08, 1.36) | ** | ||||||
| Muslim | 1.30 (0.83, 2.03) | 1.25 (0.80, 1.95) | |||||||
| Others | 1.25 (0.96, 1.63) | 1.26 (0.97, 1.64) | |||||||
| Ethnicity of household-head | Khalkh (ref) | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Kazakh | 0.88 (0.57, 1.36) | 0.87 (0.56, 1.35) | |||||||
| Others | 1.01 (0.86, 1.19) | 1.02 (0.87, 1.20) | |||||||
| Wealth index quintile | Poorest (ref) | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Second | 1.04 (0.89, 1.21) | 1.03 (0.86, 1.24) | |||||||
| Middle | 1.08 (0.91, 1.29) | 1.07 (0.88, 1.31) | |||||||
| Fourth | 1.12 (0.93, 1.35) | 1.12 (0.90, 1.39) | |||||||
| Richest | 1.14 (0.92, 1.40) | 1.11 (0.86, 1.44) | |||||||
| Ever attended school or Early childhood program |
Yes(ref) | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| No | 1.15 (0.69, 1.91) | 1.12 (0.68, 1.86) | |||||||
| Region | Western(ref) | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Khangai | 1.01 (0.86, 1.18) | 0.97 (0.82, 1.16) | |||||||
| Central | 1.02 (0.86, 2.18) | 1.00 (0.83, 1.20) | |||||||
| Eastern | 0.85 (8.86, 0.18) | 0.86 (0.70, 1.04) | |||||||
| Ulaanbaatar | 1.02 (0.86, 2.18) | 0.94 (0.75, 1.19) | |||||||
| Model fitness test results | Deviance | 5559.28 | 5507.38 | 5551.66 | 5502.94 | ||||
| p-value for the likelihood ratio test |
p < 0.01 (compared to Null model) p < 0.01 (compared to Model II) |
p < 0.05 (compared to Null model) |
p < 0.01 (compared to Null model) p < 0.05 (Compared to Model I) |
||||||
aadjusted prevalence ratio.
b95% confidence interval.
*Adjusted Prevalence Ratio; Significant. codes: ‘***’p < 0.001, ‘**’p < 0.01, ‘*’p < 0.05, ref=reference category.