Table 4.
Risk factors for hyperkalemia occurrence and recurrence.
| HK occurrence | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Risk factor | Univariate analysis |
Multivariate analysis |
||||
| n | OR [95% CI] | p-value | n | OR [95% CI] | p-value | |
| Sex (Female vs male) | 600 | 1.70 [1.11–2.59] | 0.0138 | 592 | 1.90 [1.18–3.05] | 0.0079 |
| Age (per increase of 1 year) | 600 | 1.00 [0.99–1.02] | 0.9346 | – | ||
| Dialysis vintage (per increase of 1 year) | 592 | 0.96 [0.93–1.00] | 0.0324 | 592 | 0.95 [0.91–0.99] | 0.0080 |
| Baseline dialysis frequency | ||||||
| Two-times weekly vs three-times weekly | 544 | 1.23 [0.55–2.77] | 0.6170 | 592 | 2.61 [1.55–4.39]a | 0.0003 |
| Five times per 2 weeks vs three-times weekly | 564 | 9.65 [2.32–40.12] | 0.0018 | |||
| Baseline dialysate potassium concentration (per increase of 1 mmol/L) | 599 | 0.66 [0.19–2.29] | 0.5148 | – | ||
| Baseline ultrafiltration rate (per increase of 1 ml/h) | 599 | 1.00 [1.00–1.00] | 0.0013 | 592 | 1.00 [1.00–1.00] | 0.0004 |
| Baseline urea reduction ratio (per increase of 1 unit) | 589 | 0.59 [0.09–4.05] | 0.5926 | – | ||
| Baseline Kt/V (per increase of 1 unit) | 577 | 0.91 [0.63–1.32] | 0.6283 | – | ||
| 24-hour urine volume (per increase of 1 mL)b | 90 | 1.00 [1.00–1.00] | 0.2015 | – | ||
| Atherosclerotic heart disease (Yes vs No) | 600 | – | – | |||
| Congestive heart failure (Yes vs No) | 600 | – | – | |||
| Diabetes (Yes vs No) | 600 | 1.46 [0.96–2.22] | 0.0741 | – | ||
| Hypertension (Yes vs No) | 600 | 1.45 [0.69–3.03] | 0.3282 | – | ||
| Hyperkalemia (Yes vs No) | 600 | 4.96 [3.32–7.41] | <0.0001 | 592 | 5.12 [3.36–7.79] | <0.0001 |
| Baseline potassium binder treatment (Yes vs No) | 600 | 4.66 [0.61–35.71] | 0.1389 | – | ||
| Sex (Female vs male) | 600 | 1.42 [0.99–2.03] | 0.0541 | – | ||
| Age (per increase of 1 year) | 600 | 0.99 [0.98–1.01] | 0.2975 | – | ||
| Dialysis vintage (per increase of 1 year) | 592 | 0.97 [0.94–1.00] | 0.0664 | – | ||
| Baseline dialysis frequency | ||||||
| Two-times weekly vs three-times weekly | 544 | 1.54 [0.74–3.22] | 0.2462 | 87 | 3.01 (1.18–7.67)a | 0.0210 |
| Five times per 2 weeks vs three-times weekly | 564 | 2.83 [1.43–5.61] | 0.0028 | |||
| Baseline dialysate potassium concentration (per increase of 1 mmol/L) | 599 | 0.56 [0.18–1.79] | 0.3277 | – | ||
| Baseline ultrafiltration rate (per increase of 1 ml/h) | 599 | 1.00 [1.00–1.00] | <0.0001 | – | ||
| Baseline urea reduction ratio (per increase of 1 unit) | 589 | 0.19 [0.03–1.06] | 0.0576 | – | ||
| Baseline Kt/V (per increase of 1 unit) | 577 | 0.82 [0.58–1.14] | 0.2344 | – | ||
| 24-hour urine volume (per increase of 1 mL)b | 90 | 1.00 [1.00–1.00] | 0.0415 | 87 | 1.00 [1.00–1.00] | 0.0110 |
| Atherosclerotic heart disease (Yes vs No)c | 600 | – | – | |||
| Congestive heart failure (Yes vs No)c | 600 | – | – | |||
| Diabetes (Yes vs No) | 600 | 1.51 [1.05–2.17] | 0.0252 | 87 | 2.71 [0.92–7.98] | 0.0710 |
| Hypertension (Yes vs No) | 600 | 1.93 [0.97–3.84] | 0.0598 | |||
| Hyperkalemia (Yes vs No) | 600 | 4.50 [3.17–6.40] | <0.0001 | 87 | 6.07 [2.01–18.29] | 0.0014 |
| Baseline potassium binder treatment (Yes vs No) | 600 | 2.61 [0.73–9.35] | 0.1406 | – | ||
a
Two-times weekly or five times per 2 weeks vs three-times weekly.
b
24-h urine volume: the mean volume was used if a patient had urine volume measured on both visits; otherwise, the last available measurement was used.
cOnly one patient was assessed with echocardiography at baseline.
CI, confidence interval; NA, not applicable; OR, odds ratio.