Table 1. This summary includes essential information such as the authors and publication year, the identified causes of hypertension, and the management strategies discussed.

S. no.	Author and year	Causes of hypertension	Possible way of management
1	Papadopoulos et al., 2015 [13]	Patients experiencing hypertensive emergencies often face these due to specific triggers. These emergencies can be induced by the use of substances such as cocaine, amphetamines, phencyclidine, or monoamine oxidase inhibitors, which can lead to a pheochromocytoma-like or hyperadrenergic state. Additionally, suddenly stopping the use of clonidine or similar sympatholytic medications can also precipitate such crises.	Patients with acute aortic dissection necessitate rapid blood pressure management, typically through the administration of intravenous esmolol, aimed at reducing blood pressure within 5 to 10 minutes. The goal is to maintain the systolic blood pressure below 120 mmHg. Should the blood pressure not adequately decrease following beta-blocker treatment, vasodilators such as nitroglycerin or nitroprusside can be employed. For further blood pressure control, medications like clevidipine, nicardipine, or phentolamine may be administered intravenously. The initial dosage is often 5 mg, with subsequent doses administered at 10-minute intervals as required to achieve the desired blood pressure target.
2	Peacock et al., 2011 [14]	Hypertensive emergency accompanied by acute pulmonary edema.	In the management of hypertensive emergencies, medications such as intravenous nitroglycerin, clevidipine, or nitroprusside are commonly utilized. It is important to note that beta blockers are generally not advised for treating acute pulmonary edema. With the exception of acute aortic dissection cases, the protocol for hypertensive emergencies typically involves reducing the patient's blood pressure by 20% to 25% within the first minutes to an hour. Subsequently, the goal is to adjust blood pressure to 160/100 mmHg over the next two to six hours, followed by a cautious normalization within 24 to 48 hours. For intravenous nitroglycerin, the starting infusion rate is set at 5 micrograms per minute, with a maximum rate that can be adjusted up to 20 micrograms per minute. The initial rate for intravenous sodium nitroprusside begins at 0.3 to 0.5 micrograms per kilogram per minute, with a ceiling of 10 micrograms per kilogram per minute. Intravenous clevidipine starts at a rate of 1-2 milligrams per hour, escalating up to a maximum of 32 milligrams per hour if needed.
3	Rosendorff et al., 2015 [15]	Severe hypertension, with acute myocardial infarction or an unstable angina pectoris.	Patients with acute myocardial infarction or unstable angina pectoris should have a target blood pressure of less than 140/90 mmHg and a blood pressure of less than 130/80 mmHg upon hospital discharge. Avoid lowering diastolic blood pressure below 60 mmHg, as this may reduce coronary perfusion and exacerbate myocardial ischemia.
4	Varon et al., 2014 [16]	A hypertensive emergency results in acute renal failure.	The researchers compared the efficacy of intravenous fenoldopam and nicardipine in treating hypertension in 104 patients with renal dysfunction. The initial infusion rate for fenoldopam was 0.1-0.3 mcg/kg/min, while nicardipine was 5 mg/h with a maximum of 30 mg/h. In a 30-minute treatment, 92% of patients receiving nicardipine met their target systolic blood pressure.
5	Aronow, 2017 [17]	A hypertensive crisis with pre-eclampsia or eclampsia.	Patients with a history of hypertension are treated with medications such as hydralazine, labetalol, and nicardipine. However, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, direct renin inhibitors, and sodium nitroprusside are not advised. The initial dose is 20 mg of hydralazine, followed by 0.3 to 1.0 mg/kg of labetalol, for a total dose of 300 mg.
6	Espinosa et al., 2016 [18]	High blood pressure after surgery	The medication includes intravenous clevidipine, esmolol, nitroglycerin, and nicardipine.
7	Ayaz et al., 2016 [19]	A hypertensive emergency is characterized by a high plasma renin level.	Enalaprilat is administered intravenously. The first dose of enaliprilat is 1.25 mg given intravenously over five minutes. To achieve the desired blood pressure level, extra doses of intravenous enalaprilat of up to 5 mg every six hours may be given.
8	Potter and Schaefer, 2024 [20]	Hypertensive encephalopathy is related to high blood pressure.	The primary treatment for this condition is antihypertensive drug therapy to reduce mean arterial pressure (MAP) by 10% to 15% within the first hour, but no more than 25% of the original baseline. This cautious reduction lowers the risk of ischemic events and allows the brain's vasculature to heal. If the MAP falls below the hypertensive-adapted autoregulatory range, the risk of stroke and other ischemic complications increases. This conservative lowering does not apply to ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, or aortic dissection.
9	Boulouis et al., 2017 [21]	Acute intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a serious condition characterized by sudden and severe brain damage.	Unless contraindicated, administer IV labetalol (managed in a high dependency unit) and monitor with neuro-observations and renal function. IV nicardipine may be appropriate.
10	Sandset et al., 2021 [22]	Acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) is distinguished by a balance of decreased cerebral blood flow and increased cerebral edema, and routine antihypertensive therapy is typically unnecessary.	For acute therapy, administer IV labetalol, nicardipine, or glyceryl trinitrate (GTN). Choice of agent for long-term management in accordance with NG 136 (NICE guidelines for medication choices).
11	Maher et al., 2020 [23]	Considerations for BP-lowering therapy in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH).	Oral nimodipine may be used to treat SAH patients. Treatment for patients with concomitant hypertensive emergency state is determined by the associated diagnoses.
12	Zhou et al., 2023 [24]	Management of hypertension in acute aortic syndrome (especially type B).	In the acute phase, intravenous labetalol or esmolol is recommended. Once the heart rate is under control, IV nicardipine and/or nitroprusside can be given. If ß blockers are not tolerated, non-dihydropyridine CCB can be used to regulate heart rate. Oral medications were administered as tolerated. Long-term oral antihypertensive therapy helps maintain a target systolic BP of ≤120 mmHg.
13	Twiner et al., 2022 [25]	Considerations for BP-lowering therapy in acute coronary syndrome (ACS).	IV GTN and/or labetalol can be used. Nitroprusside should be avoided in ACS.
14	Van et al., 2019 [26]	Hypertension management in the presence of acute pulmonary edema.	IV GTN or nitroprusside combined with a loop diuretic, such as IV furosemide. Calcium channel blockers and intravenous labetalol are best avoided during the acute phase.
15	Buitenwerf et al., 2020 [27]	Management of hypertension caused by phaeochromocytoma/adrenergic crisis.	For α blockade, oral phenoxybenzamine (or doxazosin if unavailable) is recommended, followed by β blockade as needed. In the event of a crisis, IV phentolamine can be administered. Phenoxybenzamine is used to get ready for surgery. β blockers are used to manage persistent tachycardia. Benzodiazepines are prescribed to treat illicit drug-induced hypertension caused by cocaine or amphetamines. Fluid expansion and increased salt intake are recommended to avoid postural hypotension and tachycardia.