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. 2024 Aug 29;15:1452318. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1452318

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Copyright © 2024 Anthney, Do and Alrubaye.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Left to Right; (A–D) Femoral ratings for birds diagnosed as lame. Femoral lesion categories are ordered with increasing severity, with arrows marking diagnostic characteristics–(A) Normal femoral head with intact cartilage; (B) Femoral Head Separation with disarticulated cartilage and smooth intact epiphyseal surface; (C) Femoral Head Transitional Degeneration with disarticulated cartilage and somewhat damaged epiphyseal surface; (D) Femoral Head Necrosis with extensive damage to the epiphysis and fracturing of the physis. Adapted from Do et al. (2024).