FIGURE 5.

Left to Right; (A–E) Tibial ratings for birds diagnosed as lame. Tibial lesion categories are ordered with increasing severity (excluding E) with arrows marking diagnostic characteristics–(A) Normal tibial head with intact growth plate and firm, healthy cancellous bone tissue (2); (B) Tibial Head Necrosis with intact growth plate and developing necrotic void in cancellous bone tissue; (C) Tibial Head Necrosis Severe with damaged growth plate and large necrotic void in cancellous bone tissue; (D) Tibial Head Necrosis Caseous with caseous exudate, possibly marking bacterial infiltration site; (E) Tibial Dyschondroplasia with accumulated non-vascularized, non-mineralized cartilaginous mass replacing cancellous bone tissue. Adapted from Do et al. (2024).