Table 1.
Baseline characteristics, laboratory examination and the distribution of dNCR
| Variables | No- dNCR (n = 116) |
dNCR (n = 36) |
t/Z/χ2 | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, year | 66.5(6) | 71(5) | -4.322 | < 0.001 |
| Gender, n(%) | 0.026 | 0.871 | ||
| Female | 92(79.30) | 29(80.60) | ||
| Male | 24(20.70) | 7(19.40) | ||
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 26.83(3.91) | 26.69(4.91) | -0.171 | 0.864 |
| Education, n(%) | 1.332 | 0.248 | ||
| Less than high school | 75(64.70) | 27(75.00) | ||
| At least high school | 41(35.30) | 9(25.00) | ||
| Two or more surgeries in the past year, n(%) | - | 0.291 | ||
| No | 109(94.00) | 32(88.90) | ||
| Yes | 7(6.00) | 4(11.10) | ||
| Smoking, n(%) | - | 0.164 | ||
| No | 97(83.60) | 34(94.40) | ||
| Yes | 19(16.40) | 2(5.60) | ||
| Drinking, n(%) | - | 0.122 | ||
| No | 102(87.90) | 35(97.20) | ||
| Yes | 14(12.10) | 1(2.80) | ||
| CCI, n(%) | < 0.001 | |||
| 0 | 52(44.80) | 4(11.10) | ||
| 1 | 45(38.80) | 18(50.00) | ||
| 2 | 14(12.10) | 6(16.70) | ||
| 3 | 5(4.30) | 4(11.10) | ||
| 4 | 0(0.00) | 4(11.10) | ||
| ASA, n(%) | 8.654 | 0.003 | ||
| II | 111(95.70) | 29(80.60) | ||
| III | 5(4.30) | 7(19.40) | ||
| CES-D 10 score, point | 7(2) | 9(1) | -5.419 | < 0.001 |
| PSQI score, point | 8(3) | 8(2) | -0.040 | 0.968 |
| MMSE score, point | 27.5(3) | 26(2.75) | -2.752 | 0.006 |
| PASE score, point | 149.75(131.63) | 70.25(66.13) | -4.404 | < 0.001 |
| PASE categorization, point | < 0.001 | |||
| Sedentary behavior | 42(36.20) | 29(80.60) | ||
| Physical activity | 74(63.80) | 7(19.40) | ||
| Duration of anesthesia, min | 150(30) | 150(30) | -0.406 | 0.685 |
| Duration of surgery, min | 90(36) | 89.5(29.75) | -0.135 | 0.893 |
| Estimated blood loss, ml | 155(100) | 150(100) | -0.391 | 0.696 |
| VAS, point | 2(1) | 2(1) | -0.795 | 0.427 |
| ADL score, point | 100(10) | 95(10) | -2.682 | 0.007 |
| Length of hospital stay, day | 8(3) | 8(4) | -1.317 | 0.188 |
| Laboratory examination | ||||
| preop IL-1β, pg/ml | 3.53(1.43) | 4.24(1.65) | -2.168 | 0.030 |
| postop IL-1β, pg/ml | 7.76 ± 2.38 | 8.20 ± 2.53 | -0.944 | 0.346 |
| ΔIL-1β, pg/ml | 4.12 ± 2.40 | 4.09 ± 2.52 | 0.050 | 0.960 |
| %Chg IL-1β | 1.17(1.15) | 0.99(1.38) | -0.758 | 0.448 |
| preop IL-6, pg/ml | 9.83(7.46) | 15.02(11.10) | -2.590 | 0.010 |
| postop IL-6, pg/ml | 19.87(12.06) | 32.81(9.88) | -5.422 | < 0.001 |
| ΔIL-6, pg/ml | 8.71(12.04) | 18.44(6.92) | -4.676 | < 0.001 |
| %Chg IL-6 | 0.81(1.37) | 1.29(2.08) | -2.646 | 0.008 |
| preop TNF-α, pg/ml | 21.69(6.46) | 25.90(13.33) | -3.767 | < 0.001 |
| postop TNF-α, pg/ml | 32.85(8.64) | 35.85(11.98) | -3.262 | 0.001 |
| ΔTNF-α, pg/ml | 8.33 ± 7.29 | 8.84 ± 8.80 | -0.345 | 0.731 |
| %Chg TNF-α | 0.40 ± 0.35 | 0.36 ± 0.35 | 0.548 | 0.585 |
Abbreviations dNCR, delayed neurocognitive recovery; CCI: Charlson Comorbidity Index; ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists; CES-D 10: the 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination; PASE: physical activity scale for the elderly; PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination; VAS: visual analogue scale; ADL: Activities of Daily Living; preop: preoperative; postop: postoperative; Δ : absolute change (postoperative - baseline); %Chg: relative changes [(postoperative - baseline)/baseline]
Notes Mean ± SD or Median (interquartile range) for continuous variables; n(%) for categorical variables; The P values were calculated by t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, chi-squared test or Fisher’s exact test. Boldface values indicate P < 0.05