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. 2024 Sep 11;14:21203. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-69334-2

Table 5.

Variation (∆) of each measured parameter in INC group, N_INC group and no-disability group (mean values ± SD).

Variable INC group N_INC group No-disability group
Weight (kg) −2.69 ± 2.69 −3.48 ± 3.47 −2.29 ± 2.46
FM (%) 0.06 ± 1.86* −0.55 ± 2.58* −2.87 ± 2.46
BMI (kg/m2) −1.03 ± 1.25 −1.28 ± 1.26 −0.75 ± 0.81
Cardiovascular endurance (ml/kg*min) 1.18 ± 2.5 2.26 ± 3.83 0.26 ± 0.29
Balance ability (num) −3.07 ± 3.17 −3.68 ± 4.52* −0.43 ± 1.22
Explosive leg power (cm) −1.39 ± 25.09 −8.46 ± 23.6 −1.93 ± 24.36
Hip joint flexibility (cm) −0.19 ± 7.38 1.45 ± 3.9 1.50 ± 2.47
Forearm muscular strength (kg) 5.80 ± 10.82 8.57 ± 16.16 5.36 ± 5.4
Upper-body muscular strength and endurance (num) 5.06 ± 8.65 7.83 ± 9.51* 0.64 ± 1.34
Trunk muscular strength and endurance (num) 4.56 ± 5.61 5.47 ± 5.55 2.36 ± 2.71
Motor coordination (s) 0.39 ± 2.26 −0.79 ± 4.54 −1.00 ± 0.78
Agility and speed of lower limbs (s) −3.84 ± 4.09* −2.42 ± 2.14 −1.43 ± 1.09
Coordination and speed of upper limbs (s) −2.70 ± 2.28§ −0.98 ± 1.78 −2.36 ± 1.55

INC, inclusive sport group; N_INC, non-inclusive sport group; FM, body fat; BMI, body mass index. * p < 0.05 vs. no-disability group; § p < 0.05 vs. N_INC group.