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. 2024 Sep 11;14:21193. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-72074-y

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Significant Differences in Effective Connectivity between lower-fit (LF) and higher-fit (HF) children within the Cingulo-Opercular Network. Panel (A) displays the differences in general task-related connectivity. The arrows represent connections that are stronger in HF children than in LF children. The thickness of the arrows is proportional to the magnitude of the estimated effect size for each group difference (note that this representation is for illustrative purposes only, such that thicker arrows reflect larger effect sizes)¹. The yellow arrows indicate connections positively correlated with task performance, meaning that higher estimates of effective connectivity were associated with greater general accuracy². Gray arrows (FDR corrected) and white arrows (FDR uncorrected) indicate connections that were not correlated with task performance. Panel( B) shows the differences in interference-related connectivity (incongruent minus congruent trials) between LF and HF children. The purple arrows indicate stronger connections in LF children than in HF children. Brain-behavior correlations were not significant here. No significant differences in effective connectivity within the fronto-parietal network were observed between LF and HF children. * Results significant after FDR corrections. dACC = Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex; LaI = Left anterior insula; RaI = Right anterior insula; RaPFC = Right anterior prefrontal cortex; LaPFC = Left anterior prefrontal cortex; lDLPFC = Left dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex; rDLPFC = Right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; lIPS = Left intraparietal sulci; rIPS = Right intraparietal sulci.