Table 2.

Positive and negative aspects of globalization in pandemics

	Positive aspect	Negative aspect
Increased travel and connectivity	Globalization has facilitated increased travel and connectivity, enabling the exchange of goods, ideas, and cultures. This has contributed to economic growth, cultural exchange, and scientific collaboration.	The increased movement of people also means that infectious agents can spread more rapidly across borders. An individual infected with a pathogen in one part of the world can travel to another, potentially introducing and spreading the disease in new regions.
Global trade and supply chain	Global trade and supply chains have led to economic development, increased access to diverse goods and services, and promoted the transfer of technology.	Disruptions in supply chains can impact the availability of essential medical supplies, medications, and equipment during a pandemic, posing challenges for healthcare systems.
Urbanization and population density	Globalization has been associated with urbanization and the concentration of populations in urban centers, leading to economic opportunities and improved living standards.	High population density in urban areas can promote the rapid spread of infectious diseases, especially in the absence of effective public health measures.
Environmental changes	Globalization has contributed to advancements in technology, science, and environmental conservation.	Activities associated with globalization, such as deforestation, habitat destruction, and climate change, can alter ecosystems and increase the risk of disease spillover from animals to humans, leading to the emergence of novel pathogens.
Information exchange and awareness	Globalization has enabled rapid information exchange, scientific collaboration, and the dissemination of health-related information.	Misinformation can also spread quickly, influencing public perceptions and responses during a pandemic.
International cooperation in healthcare	Globalization has facilitated international cooperation in healthcare, research, and the development of medical technologies.	Challenges in international coordination and cooperation may arise during a pandemic, affecting the equitable distribution of resources and access to medical interventions.