TABLE V.

Subspecialty Characteristics

Subspecialty	N	JIF*	JCI†	Open Access	Multi-Center Collaboration‡	Multicenter Studies§	First Author - LMIC#	Last Author - LMIC**
Trauma	118	3.66	0.96	63.6%	27.1%	14.4%	31.4%	19.5%
Spine	46	2.96	0.82	56.5%	63.0%	23.9%	50.0%	39.1%
Pediatrics	44	3.57	0.97	72.7%	34.1%	13.6%	34.1%	22.7%
General (nonspecific)	43	4.85	1.07	72.1%	34.9%	9.3%	34.9%	37.2%
Hip and knee (reconstruction)	31	3.93	1.17	71.0%	25.8%	19.4%	35.5%	29.0%
Oncology	7	4.09	1.08	100%	57.1%	28.6%	28.6%	28.6%
Sports medicine	7	6.86	1.33	57.1%	0.0%	0.0%	28.6%	42.9%
Shoulder and elbow	6	2.70	0.69	66.7%	16.7%	0.0%	50.0%	50.0%
Foot and ankle	4	4.21	1.23	75.0%	25.0%	0.0%	50.0%	25.0%
Hand and wrist	4	1.88	0.61	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	75.0%	50.0%

^*The 2021 JCR Journal Impact Factor (see Methods).

^†The 2021 JCR Journal Citation Index (see Methods).

^‡Multicenter collaboration (>3 unaffiliated institutions).

^§Multicenter study (as defined by the article).

^#First author from a LMIC.

^**First author from a HIC. JCI = Journal Citation Indicator, JCR = Journal Citation Reports, and JIF = Journal Impact Factor.